Character Analysis Katniss Everdeen - The Hunger Games Novel Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Her initial fear of the entering the game was surpassed by her apprehension of her sister s future; I volunteer! I gasped. I volunteer as tribute (Collins, 23). Her courage is evident by the fact that when she was asked her name she swallow(ed) hard (Collins, 24). Katniss was also well aware of the contrasting characteristics between her and Prim. Unlike the more feminine and flexible character like Prim, Katniss is more strong-willed which is reflected when Katniss says People deal with me, but they are genuinely fond of Prim (Collins, 39). The courageous aspect of Katniss is another prominent part of her character which can be seen in numerous sequences one of which is when she shows ambivalent feelings towards the rebellious relation between the Capital and the Districts. She thus resists signing onto the rebellion although she acknowledges the fact that the President who is supporting the Capital wants to cause her harm. Katniss s love and caring personality can be seen thr oughout the progress of the so called reality game which contrasts her character in the way that it encourages killing instincts in participants that calls for insensitivity and cruelty to win the game. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Analysis: Katniss Everdeen - The Hunger Games Novel or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Eventually however Katniss s protective veneer crumbles as Rue, another romanticized and gullible soul, dies. Such dual characteristics of love towards family, and her strength of character depicted in her hunting abilities to survive in the forest are evidences of her masculine and feminine traits. Katniss is an underdog who cannot resist from supporting and helping the other underdogs like her fellow contestants. The love and protection that she bestows on her mother and little sister, and subsequently during the game on Rue and Peeta are proofs of her feminine side of personality. Since she has lost her father in a mining accident, as the eldest child of the family it became her

Ethic Situation in the Workplace The ACAS 2009 Code of...

It is recommended that before Elodie makes any claim to the ET, she first seeks internal remedies such as ACAS . ACAS was first established under the ER(DR)A with the purpose of helping claimants avoid going to the ET , through promoting the settlements of disputes in a confidential, fast and cost-effective way. The ACAS 2009 Code of Practice 1 on DGP was designed to help employers, employees and their representatives deal with disciplinary and grievance situations in the workplace However should Elodie still decide to take her dispute to the ET she would need to be identified as a employee. The ERA defines an employee as being someone who has entered into or works under a contract of employment and it is reasonable to suggest†¦show more content†¦In order for an employee to make a claim for unfair dismissal they must have worked with the employers for a continuous period of just 1 year. Elodie satisfies this requirement as she started her employment on 1st February 2010. Prior to the introduction of the DCP, the ET would determine whether a dismissal is fair by following the Employment Act 2002 however the EA repealed these procedures. Although the code is not legally enforceable by TULR(C)(A) 1992 the tribunals are required to take the provisions into account when dealing with disciplinary issues. It provides a guideline which employers must follow in order for the dismissal to be just and fair. The code firstly states that necessary investigations must be held with the employee in order to establish the facts of the dispute, and should during the meeting an individual be suspended, full pay is necessary. When JJ had decided to take Elodie through a disciplinary case her employers must have notified her of this in writing beforehand. This written notification must include relevant information such as adequate evidence or witness statements supporting the alleged gross misconduct. It also confirm the arranged date, time and location for the disciplinary meeting and should also state that the employee is entitled to be accompanied at the meeting . The employee is then given 5 days to alter the date and time given for the meeting should her chosen companion not ableShow MoreRelatedThe Difference between Administrative and Clinical Supervision1538 Words   |  6 Pagesclinicians can do it all, the skills set and knowledge needed to supervise a healthcare facility administratively may be far different from that needed to provide effective clinical supervision. To determine these differences and their implications for practice, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature to id entify the difference between administrative and clinical supervision and the respective purpose, rights of the supervisee, and the importance of supervisor competence. A summary of theRead MoreClient Scenario : Crime And Alcohol Counseling Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagescounseling as a stipulation of probation. While Anthony doesn’t have an issue admitting to his daily drug use, he does not agree with the probation requirement of counseling or that his alcohol and drug use were a serious issue. Anthony sees his situation differently that other addicts or alcoholics, and even expresses uneasiness about his marginalized status and the lack of understanding surrounding the conditions that led up to his arrest. He has stated that he doesn’t have anything in common withRead MoreEthics in Multicultural Counseling3154 Words   |  13 Pagesin today’s society. Ethics is a hot topic for counselors, partially because there are so many different situations that can be affected by ethical behavior. These situations can range from betraying the clients trust to injustice. There tends to be a lot of ambiguity for how to handle a situation ethically since there are a lot of variables involved in ethical issues. This involves disagreements in having one response that would be the most ethical response to that situation. There are many areasRead MoreCreating A Climate Of Ethical Behaviors Will Create A Healthy Company1775 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Creating and sustaining an ethical workplace can be a daunting task. Could it be that culture, race, and creed have a responsibility when trying execute such a major assignment? Company’s thrive off of making profit and ensuring their shareholders are well pleased. However, there seems to be an underlining issue that has capsized or created an unbalanced work environment. Creating a climate of ethical behaviors will create a healthy company. Read More11c - Safeguarding Adults P4, P5, M29539 Words   |  39 Pagesfor identification and tracking purposes | * Enables sex offenders to be monitored and vulnerable adults to be protected | Care Standards Act 2000 | * This was set for national minimum standards for accommodation, services and good workplace practice in the care and protection of vulnerable adults. * If they do not meet this standard, they are then inspected and measures are then put into place before foreclosure | * Established the protection of vulnerable adults scheme. It hasRead MoreCultural Analysis Thailand9709 Words   |  39 Pagesthere are varying tones in the pronunciation of words, thus creating different meanings to words. Notwithstanding the dialects, Thai is also a language with varying registers. There are registers used for business, social situations, royalty as well as formal situations. Knowing what register to use or not to use and when is critical (Thai Language, 2007). Non-verbal. Facial expressions, bows of the head and eye contact are a few of the ways that a Thai communicates effectively. Non-verbalRead MoreNursing Essay41677 Words   |  167 PagesProfessor of the Practice, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Raleigh Catherine Dower, Associate Director of Research, Center for the Health Professions, University of California, San Francisco Rosa Gonzalez-Guarda, Assistant Professor, School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami David C. Goodman, Professor of Pediatric and of Community and Family Medicine, Children’s Hospital at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Institute for Policy and Clinical Practice, Hanover, NH JennieRead MoreOrganisational Control and Power21418 Words   |  86 Pagestraining needs, for the motivation to achieve standards and for the development of individuals.7 According to Tulgan, ‘control’ (together with timing and customisation) is one of the three factors that should guide rewards and incentives in the workplace of the future. ‘It is critical to make very clear to individual contributors exactly what performance – what results, within what guidelines, parameters and deadlines – the organisation needs, and will therefore reward.’8 However, as Wilson remindsRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesI 111TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. R. 3962 To provide affordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending, and for other purposes. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OCTOBER 29, 2009 Mr. DINGELL (for himself, Mr. RANGEL, Mr. WAXMAN, Mr. GEORGE MILLER of California, Mr. STARK, Mr. PALLONE, and Mr. ANDREWS) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and in addition to the Committees on EducationRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pages 65 ECSNS A IYI O N S SE O D ED T With Analysis by the Staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School Newspaper ST. MARTIN’S GRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. For-information, address St. Martins Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. www.stmartins.com Library of Congress Cataloging...in..Publication Data

Comprehensive Environmental Analysis Paper Free Essays

Running head: Comprehensive Environmental Analysis Paper Comprehensive Environmental Analysis Paper University of Phoenix August 31, 2009 Comprehensive Environmental Analysis Paper Despite the recent setbacks for its image, the United States has by far the largest influence in the region. During 2007, China supplied over two-thirds of computers exported to the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Comprehensive Environmental Analysis Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now from the six major trading nations. In fact, China contributed to $23. 2 billion (76. 7% ) of U. S. computer imports. It should not, however, take its influence in the region for granted, if China is to continue to position itself as an Asia Pacific power. Its influence in the region cannot be maintained by economic and military supremacy alone. East Asia is going through historic geopolitical changes due to the rise of China. Political interest in the vision of an East Asian community suggests that the region is in search of a new order to accommodate China’s growing power and influence and to maintain regional peace and stability. In no way is this an easy enterprise. Asian countries tend to suffer from domestic political difficulties in economic liberalization, large gaps in developmental stages among regional economies, and mutual distrust and historical antagonism between Japan and China. Despite these difficulties, however, there is a growing consensus that, eventually, East Asian countries will come up with some form of a regional community. Regional alliances and economic integration East Asian economic integration will help reduce regional tension and lighten America’s security burden in the region. Economic integration will engage regional powers in stable regional interdependence where one’s prosperity is in the interest of others, and make them more predictable and reliable to each other. Successful development of poorer countries in Asia through integration in regional economic dynamism will help political stability and reduce the possibility that these countries will become hotbeds of terrorism. Regional: Physical environment and its effect on trade Asia’s physical environment has a big affect on trade in a couple of ways. First the weather in Asia as a region is very unpredictable. Having unpredictable weather or catastrophic events can have a major impact on a business because companies could lose physical property, manufacturing time, or products which would result in financial loss. The air quality within the cities of Asia is poor and is known for creating health issues among the individuals living in that area. Production can be affected if employees are out sick and away from their jobs. Air pollution and an unclean environment only somewhat effects trade; however an organization can easily open up a factory there as well with cheap labor and weak environmental laws. Many foreign companies have placed their factories in China with a great deal of success because of the ability to hire cheap labor and to run their factories without many regulations. Regional Political Stability The political stability of China seems precarious at best. â€Å"While the US relies on free markets and free societies as the basis for contemporary socioeconomic and political movement, China focuses on stability as the essence of its foreign policy† (Cheow, 2006). China has often been fueled by propaganda but in recent years, China’s top political leaders have begun to stress how important stability is with all people throughout their country. This includes all people from all backgrounds. China’s political stability has helped to fuel economic growth throughout the country. Regional Social, Health, and Environmental Conditions Chinese workers remain among the lowest paid in the world. The average total labor compensation for a Chinese manufacturing worker is 57 cents per hour, with many making far less than that, benefits included† (McCormack, 2006). This translates to approximately $104 per month; this makes living any type of decent life as we know it utterly impossibly. Many low-paid Chinese employees will live in squalor and with many people to small single bedroom quarters. In China there is no shortage of workers; China has a large unemployment rate of 25% (McCormack, 2006) leaving an abundance of low arning employees for many years to come. Regional Terrorism Threats China does have an internal terrorist threat. Not only are there Muslim Separatists’ in the region, but also the Uygur separatist groups and the East Turkistan Islamic Movement, both of which have â€Å"been reputed to have trained in Afghanistan to fight along with the Taliban and al Qaeda† (chinaguide,com, 2009). It is important to understand China has recognized this issue and â€Å"to fight terrorism, the Chinese government will enhance international cooperation and strengthen legislation and law enforcement on anti-terrorism† (Xinhua News Agency, 2005). Regional: Economic conditions The economic conditions of Asia differ from which country you are in. This can affect trade in many ways that are positive and negative. The positives that come from a poor economy are the ability to hire cheap labor and to spend less on manufacturing the product. The company also comes into the region offering jobs to a society that truly needs money and the ability to make a living. Another advantage is the ability to export products all over the world from a very productive location. Negative aspects of a poor economy are that the product will not sell well in a poor region. Theft and destruction to an organization are another hazard that could occur when located in a poor region. The economic situations vary; some places in Asia are wealthy while some are very poor. Due to this fact, it is important to tailor an organizations marketing strategy to those each specific area. Regional: Finance options available When an organization decides to open their company in Asia, it is imperative to finance through a financial company that is well established. Team B’s company should finance their global organization through a successful, well established lender. There are also many successful companies in Asia that could possibly help finance and invest in Team B’s organization. Creating a strong business partner is extremely important in creating a successful and long-lasting organization. Country Political stability Since 1978 China has gone through a series of rapid changes within their government system; these political changes span from human rights practices to new labor laws. These new laws have allowed China to create a solid and stable foundation for the government and to operate on a daily basis. At the current time, China is politically stable. This can be seen in the growth of China as well as the impact that China is having on the global market. Country Economic Conditions In 1987, China constructed a three step developmental strategy that would increase the overall economic conditions in China. These three developmental strategies are: to double the 1980 GNP and ensure that the people have enough food and clothing, to quadruple the 1980 GNP by the end of the 20th century, and to increase per-capita GNP to the level of the medium-developed countries by the year 2050. Step one ensures that the Chinese level of poverty will not increase. The second step has already been achieved in 1995. Finally, the third and final step, explains that by increasing the GNP, Chinese citizens will be financially stable and be equipped with modern technology. The current economic condition is better than expected with new heavy and light industry, agricultural and energy expansion. The Chinese economy continues to grow at a fast pace. Country Financial Options Building and manufacturing plastic laptop housing in China offers a couple of financial options for the company to expand. The first financial option available is low to no interest loans offered by the Chinese government. This financial option is an incentive offered by China to attract new business into their country. Another financial option is building capital through investors. This option would create a group of shareholders that have intvested the capital needed to build a new facility with potential return on their investment. Country Social, Health, and Environmental Conditions The current social, health and environmental conditions are not as good as other countries but the Chinese government is working on reforming these conditions throughout the nation. The safety and working conditions are considered much lower and more dangerous than other parts of the world. A few of the steps that the Chinese government is currently working on are 1. â€Å"Enacting and improving environment and health laws and regulations. † (China. org. cn. ,  2009). 2. â€Å"Build a supervision network on environment and health† (China. org. cn. ,  2009). 3. â€Å"Set up state environment and health information share and service system† (China. org. cn. ,  2009). Even though China’s current social, health, and environmental conditions are not the most favorable, the Chinese government is continually working on ways to improve the quality of the environment and working conditions throughout the nation. Cultural Considerations One of the first things that should be considered is that China’s history spans more than 5,000 years. In years past China has experienced times of feudalism, communism, invasion, but now they have a fledgling market economy. When considering doing business in China, one of the biggest things to consider is the different arrays of Chinese business culture and etiquette. Chinese business culture and etiquette includes maintaining eye contact between the members of the business meeting. Without eye contact the perception of untrustworthiness will be portrayed. Another very important aspect of Chinese business etiquette is to address each Chinese counterpart with his or her title and last name; if they don’t have a title address them with Mr. or Madam. China’s current culture should be taken into consideration to illustrate respect towards their country and businesses (Winters, 2008). Organization and Product Analysis Team B will be developing an organization that intends to make plans for manufacturing laptop computer housing in China. Computer housing is the shell that protects the memory, processors, and drives that enable a computer to work. This organization would create and manufacture computer housing then sell them to computer companies like Dell, IBM, or HP who would then build and sell computers to consumers. Desktop computer housing sales have declined because there has been a decrease in desktop sales and an increase in laptop sales. The market is also beginning to see sales of Notebooks or small wireless computers that’s main function is internet media and communication (Abbasi, 2009). As laptop sales and notebook sales increase there will be a continuous need for laptop housing. Conclusion Ultimately, as the demand for technology increases and adapts to an emerging Chinese society, active U. S. support for improving global and regional institutions, promoting Asian development and fostering Asian regional cooperation would enhance its influence in the region and elsewhere. With this perspective, the rise of China and the trend toward intra-regional economic integration in Asia are opportunities for both of our countries. Team B’s organization would benefit in many aspects by manufacturing laptop housing in China. References Abbasi, S. (2009). Netbooks a factor in increase in laptop sales. Startup Meme. Retrieved August 30, 2009 from, http://startupmeme. com/netbooks-a-factor-behind-increase-in-laptop-sales/. China. org. cn.. (2009). Action Plan on Environment and Health (2007-2015). Retrieved August  30, 2009, from http://www. china. org. cn/english/environment/238275. htm China Under Threat of Terrorism: Official (August, 2005) Retrieved August 29, 2009 From: http://www. china. org. cn/english/government/140269. htm Good Luck Competing Against Chinese Labor Costs Mfg. Job Growth In China Is Headed Up, Not Down; 109 Million Mfg. Workers In China Dwarfs Number In U. S. , McCormack, R. (May, 2006). Retrieved August 29, 2009 from: http://www. manufacturingnews. com/news/06/0502/art1. html US Department of State. (2009). Background Note: China . Retrieved August  30, 2009, from http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902. htm U. S. -China Ideological Rivalry Heats Up. (January 2006) Cheow, E. The Japan Times. Retrieved August 29, 2009 from: http://yaleglobal. yale. edu/display. article? id=6737 Winters, E. (2008). Headed for China? Cultural considerations. China Business Success Stories. Retrieved August 30, 2009 from, http://www. chinasuccessstories. com/2008/02/13/heading-for-china/. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. (2009). Economy of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved August  30, 2009, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Economy_of_the_People’s_Republic_of_China | | How to cite Comprehensive Environmental Analysis Paper, Papers

Germanic and Anglo-Saxon Religious Beliefs free essay sample

A hero both controls and transforms events, a coward does not as Beowulf shows : â€Å"a coward faced with a dangerous situation, such as an uncertain fate often presents, always gives way and fails to exploit the moment of crisis to his advantage. †. Anglo-Saxons and they were converted to Christianity by missionaries from Rome. In the era of Beowulf the pre-christian Germanic gods venerated in actual human historical figures who, upon their death , were posthumously elevated to divine status in a created mythology. ODIN ; was The â€Å"all father† and leader of the Germanic patheon. TYR; the early god of war in Germanic religion , often call â€Å"tyr the wise† . THOR; son of odin and jord. Thor is the god of war, strength, thunder/ lighting, and physical battle , he is most famous for his use of mjollnir , the mighty hammer capable of destroying any target. FORSETI; god of peace ,diplomacy ,truth , knowledge, and justice. We will write a custom essay sample on Germanic and Anglo-Saxon Religious Beliefs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page FREYJA; god of wind and storms. FREYJR; god of love, sexuality ,fertility ,relationships and the harvest. HEIMDALL; god representing vigilance, the senses, perception, foresight/predicition and readiness. Fatalism played a role in the pre-christian Germanic beliefs. Pre-christian Germanic people saw fate s something that was not entirely something out of their control. Yet we will see that not only are human actins are very much a part of the equation of Germanic thought, but some can indeed escape their self-made fate. Such as the character honscio’s fate was woven outside of any control of his. The various Germanic peoples were converted to christinity during the fourth century. Constantine began a practice that any peace treaty entered into the with the conquered tribes required their convention to Christianity. By the time of the emperor Constantine, after 3 centuries of preaching, Christianity represented about ten percent of the population of the roman empire. Part of this achievement was the result of owe at the power of the Christian church fathers, who had claimed that some among them could cure sickness and even raise the dead. Part of it resulted from respect for Christianity’s undoubted concern for the poor and its moral principles. Constantine ensured that those with ambition knew they would improve their career prospects by adopting Christianity , or at least appearing to do so. The Anglo-saxons believed in in gods such as Woden and Thor; and they believed in â€Å"Wyrd†-fate, they believed in killing for killing , and that revenge was not something that originated in passion ,but was a system of law and order, gained but provoked. They were Materialistic people; their two reasons to fight were to gain glory , and revenge.

The Lovely Bones Review Essay Example

The Lovely Bones Review Paper Essay on The Lovely Bones True, it protects the interests, particularly economic, material, general class. The formation of consciousness, which was engaged literature, such as shovels, to create the bright image of the builder of a new life is nothing but as a social deception. And still: the more images, the holy do not write communism specifically to the versatility of this was clear-controlled functions of literature. A few words about slaves. For a long time, even scientific workers seriously believed that these people slaves, but it was not so. Although the reason to think so, not only were, but remain to this day! The fact that the composition of the backbone of property relations of the society in which we live (known in science politarnym), includes: 1) a complete state ownership of all means of production, land and any property. Formally, this means that the state can not only quickly and easily deal with any so-called business (for example all clear), but also the duty to do so (deliberately by someone or not is not so important). To prove their ownership rights are systematically: that is, there will always be scapegoats, and always in sight! 2) property, are in the form of unlimited power over the identity of all (without exception) people caught in its territory (regardless of their citizenship, even!). This property of the state people can not prove otherwise than as a systematic order of the life and death of his subjects. For example, the offering of the sacrifice of one reason or another, which often occur (or even artificially created a small war) just for this purpose notable casualties. The systematic concentration of powers in the hands of one part of society automatically leads to a complete absence of it in the other, especially in the least socially protected. Privileges orders the fate of people the investigation unlimited power of government officials, starting at the top (for example Stalinism). The more extreme the situation, the more justified it b ecomes such a distribution of power and authority. Cheka ensured its expanded reproduction. These relations are material in the sense that they do not depend on any form of social consciousness, but on the contrary, it is they who serves as the source of this consciousness, the source of its illusory forms, including Party literature (and the party may be different). So Shalamov writes that art does not ennoble, not better people. Art a way to live, but no way of knowing life new prose the event itself, the battle, not the description . For example, he wrote: Everyone is my story a slap Stalinism All murderers in my stories are given real name. The Lovely Bones Review Essay Example The Lovely Bones Review Paper Essay on The Lovely Bones The book The Lovely Bones, in recent years, the most touching of the book I have read. It is so clearly convey the feeling and emotions of characters that you yourself, unconsciously, start to rethink their views on these or other events, which previously seemed to you rather flat. Explain to me (I quote the example of himself) is quite alien to the concept of death, and although I understand that she wanders by and each day dies N-th number of people yet it is other people, they are not related to you. Phantoms. For me, death was a phantom, something that wanders away, he could not be here in my surroundings. In my safe, sotknutom little world. I realized after reading this book or rather not so I understand and accept death as something close and yet real. This book is really touching. She sneaks up to a shiver, especially the first part. And though the end of me (me personally) a little disappointed as I expected catch the bad uncle in the best traditions of the genre, and all more or less traditional canons. Still, what turned out to be THE enda point leaves the bright sadness, quiet sadness. Understanding. And to some degree the joy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lovely Bones Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lovely Bones Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lovely Bones Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is a real situation. What it may well happen . and what happens. Its sad and its terrible. But since there will always be. The Lovely Bones tells us that even the dying, you do not stop dreaming. It brings joy and faith. Comforting. A book will not forget yourself in combination with good style. Yes, it is quite non-standard, and is unusual in the story, and this is what makes it so valuable. After all, if the description is going the same way as in ordinary detective, she would not differ. And be sure to have passed unnoticed. As for the film, which will be released soon. I did see without comparing at least try to, with a book, but I doubt he will be as good. Books keep the attention of the reader only at the feelings and emotions, are rarely successful in the movie. The Lovely Bones Review Essay Example The Lovely Bones Review Paper Essay on The Lovely Bones True, it protects the interests, particularly economic, material, general class. The formation of consciousness, which was engaged literature, such as shovels, to create the bright image of the builder of a new life is nothing but as a social deception. And still: the more images, the holy do not write communism specifically to the versatility of this was clear-controlled functions of literature. A few words about slaves. For a long time, even scientific workers seriously believed that these people slaves, but it was not so. Although the reason to think so, not only were, but remain to this day! The fact that the composition of the backbone of property relations of the society in which we live (known in science politarnym), includes: 1) a complete state ownership of all means of production, land and any property. Formally, this means that the state can not only quickly and easily deal with any so-called business (for example all clear), but also the duty to do so (deliberately by someone or not is not so important). To prove their ownership rights are systematically: that is, there will always be scapegoats, and always in sight! 2) property, are in the form of unlimited power over the identity of all (without exception) people caught in its territory (regardless of their citizenship, even!). This property of the state people can not prove otherwise than as a systematic order of the life and death of his subjects. For example, the offering of the sacrifice of one reason or another, which often occur (or even artificially created a small war) just for this purpose notable casualties. The systematic concentration of powers in the hands of one part of society automatically leads to a complete absence of it in the other, especially in the least socially protected. Privileges orders the fate of people the investigation unlimited power of government officials, starting at the top (for example Stalinism). The more extreme the situation, the more justified it b ecomes such a distribution of power and authority. Cheka ensured its expanded reproduction. These relations are material in the sense that they do not depend on any form of social consciousness, but on the contrary, it is they who serves as the source of this consciousness, the source of its illusory forms, including Party literature (and the party may be different). So Shalamov writes that art does not ennoble, not better people. Art a way to live, but no way of knowing life new prose the event itself, the battle, not the description . For example, he wrote: Everyone is my story a slap Stalinism All murderers in my stories are given real name. The Lovely Bones Review Essay Example The Lovely Bones Review Paper Essay on The Lovely Bones True, it protects the interests, particularly economic, material, general class. The formation of consciousness, which was engaged literature, such as shovels, to create the bright image of the builder of a new life is nothing but as a social deception. And still: the more images, the holy do not write communism specifically to the versatility of this was clear-controlled functions of literature. A few words about slaves. For a long time, even scientific workers seriously believed that these people slaves, but it was not so. Although the reason to think so, not only were, but remain to this day! The fact that the composition of the backbone of property relations of the society in which we live (known in science politarnym), includes: 1) a complete state ownership of all means of production, land and any property. Formally, this means that the state can not only quickly and easily deal with any so-called business (for example all clear), but also the duty to do so (deliberately by someone or not is not so important). To prove their ownership rights are systematically: that is, there will always be scapegoats, and always in sight! 2) property, are in the form of unlimited power over the identity of all (without exception) people caught in its territory (regardless of their citizenship, even!). This property of the state people can not prove otherwise than as a systematic order of the life and death of his subjects. For example, the offering of the sacrifice of one reason or another, which often occur (or even artificially created a small war) just for this purpose notable casualties. The systematic concentration of powers in the hands of one part of society automatically leads to a complete absence of it in the other, especially in the least socially protected. Privileges orders the fate of people the investigation unlimited power of government officials, starting at the top (for example Stalinism). The more extreme the situation, the more justified it b ecomes such a distribution of power and authority. Cheka ensured its expanded reproduction. These relations are material in the sense that they do not depend on any form of social consciousness, but on the contrary, it is they who serves as the source of this consciousness, the source of its illusory forms, including Party literature (and the party may be different). So Shalamov writes that art does not ennoble, not better people. Art a way to live, but no way of knowing life new prose the event itself, the battle, not the description . For example, he wrote: Everyone is my story a slap Stalinism All murderers in my stories are given real name. The Lovely Bones Review Essay Example The Lovely Bones Review Paper Essay on The Lovely Bones There are some topics that are difficult to raise: about them hard to write books, make movies, and sometimes it is difficult to say. In this book, one of those affected by the fact the murder of a child. Subject incredibly complex, delicate, where necessary virtuosity writer. Where one extra word can hurt, how can not hurt a thousand knives. So, the theme of the book The Lovely Bones is the murder of the girl. But unfortunately, in this book, the murder of the theme for a family misfortune and as a problem for society is not a key, and not even the second or third, because the essence of the book was not to expose the offender or the theme of rejection of killings, to my great surprise, life on earth after the death of this girls life and most girls are in another world. The author as she could fantasize on the topic beyond the grave paradise of the world, tried, unconvincingly in my view, to convey the thoughts and feelings of the deceased. I think this is one of the main problems of the book, since these hypothetical thoughts seem unconvincing and, moreover, petty and false. Another point. After the episode with the girls death, which more or less shows the experiences of those who suffered the greatest loss parents, things take a new turn, and the author begins to describe the life of adolescent friends and acquaintances of the deceased, whom she watches from heaven. Sorry for the banality, but for me it was the last straw. Could not bear to read about these minor things after the murder was described! We will write a custom essay sample on The Lovely Bones Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lovely Bones Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lovely Bones Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I believe that if the author wanted to write a book about teenage life, it was necessary to do it and do not affect the subject of murder. Or write a book about prezhivaniyah parents of the deceased and not affect the problems of puberty teen and, moreover, the subject of the underworld. I began to read this book, because I consider the killing of children an important issue. Especially important now, when we hear or read the news about the new kids missing or dead. But. I do not accept speculation on the sick for many of the problems, so I do not think this book is good, and would not be recommended for reading. The Lovely Bones Review Essay Example The Lovely Bones Review Paper Essay on The Lovely Bones If one were to formulate a single sentence, what this book, I would probably say: a book about the strength of family ties on this and on the other side of life. We have Pavic words: die so stop being someones son (daughter). You can continue to: cease to be a man or a woman, a child or an adult to lose his name and the appearance that you were at the body. Everything is the soul discards while taking off like a rocket burning up stages, and continues its way free and unencumbered by anything, even the memory In theory Alice Sebolds death and the soul after death is quite different.. It is closer to the Christian, according to which we come before God in his earthly, though disembodied, disguise and sound memory of their deeds, which we will be judged. But even in this, anthropomorphic theory of the soul Seaboard goes even further: it is virtually erases the boundaries between the world of the dead and the living Deaths do not go anywhere.. They are among us. They have some more its individual dimension, where they spend part of the time, but at any moment they can move into ours. They see animals and very young children, and see it as something quite natural. Even some adults (especially those who loved them in life) can sense their presence as a chill bumps or catch promelk reflection in the broken glass We will write a custom essay sample on The Lovely Bones Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lovely Bones Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lovely Bones Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The history of Susie Salmon -. This is the story told by the ghost a teenage girl who was raped, killed, dismembered, packed in a safety deposit box and thrown into the pit. All that was left on the ground, its knitted cap, bracelet with pendants, swollen school book and hand fragment. The killer dropped it on the road, and the neighbors dog found and brought. That was the main proof of the death of Susie. A terrible bloody scene of the rape and murder, of course, is the culmination of the novel, although given somewhere in the beginning. All further only its echoes and implications. It is as if we were shown how an explosion, destroying all life within a radius of the nth number of meters, and then a long time, and shows in detail would like bare earth at this place gradually tightened grass, new insects, the birds start to nest and hatching life goes on ». But in this life goes on is the main salt of the novel. As she continues to anyone that it forever changed and what has remained unchanged The mother Susie could not be combined in the understanding two notions of daughters as a real live girl and as a rotting somewhere remains. To as far as possible to distance himself from Suzy image and from the image of the family, part of which was Susie, it first with the head goes into an affair, and then completely went to another country and start a new life. Lindsay sister Susie, is struggling with the pain in his own way: action, action. He sneaks into the house and finds the killer finally irrefutable evidence of his guilt. (However, this is nothing helped the killer managed to escape.) The little brother misses Suzy, but fortunately, she sometimes it is, and therefore their separation, as it were not true » There are grandma Lynn and Ray boy the first school love, and a strange girl Ruth (soul Suzy hurt her hand when brushing past in the night of the murder, what has changed her life forever). All they remember and love Suzy, and in a way to communicate with her, without knowing it. But the main focus of love, the personification of blood ties, by virtue of which not destroy and death, is the father of Susie, Jack Salmon . This is a man whose daughter with death changed everything and nothing has changed. Not that he persists in rejecting a fait accompli, and not something that falls into mysticism and begins to believe in an afterlife. No; Stunned with grief, he about anything so do not even think. He is in the first place the support, the head of the family, and must retain the remnants of self-control to help his wife and two other children to survive the loss of But here it goes past the house of Mr. Garvey, their eccentric neighbor.. And something causes it to enter into the courtyard, where Mr. Harvey is obsessed with architecture, building ritual wedding tent of some sort of ancient Malian tribes. Garvey invites him to join, and for some time they work together. Not much is happening, there are no signs and prerequisites to suspect Mr. Garvey murder. But  «began to snow in the street. For the first time after my death. And Dad said it -. Listening to you, my dear, he said quietly. What do you want to say All the power of my thoughts rushed to the dry bush geranium, chernevshy before his eyes?. I thought, if I can make geraniums blossomed, and it will be the answer. Im in heaven geranium immediately blossomed riotous color. Im in heaven petals have already begun to crumble, I was drowning in them at times. And the world has not changed But even through the snow I remarked. Father differently looks at the green house. Something he was concerned  » By the end of the work on the tent of the father of Susie knew exactly:. Mr. Harvey is the killer Where does this knowledge.? Of snowfall, from accidental contact with the hand of Mr. Harvey, from his fathers love and grief. In ordinary life, when the relatives of the dead are beginning to see such signs that surround take it for paranoia. Man a little out of it » But in the world Siebold dimension in which Susie continues to exist, -. An objective reality, and paranoia of her father only a fragile bridge into this reality. And the only way to keep this bridge: do not doubt him. Do not think and do not look for the logical connections between the snowed and he killed her. Just to see that this is the case As a result, not a police investigation, and it is this aggravated his fathers intuition and collected evidence in the form of snow, howling dogs, the reflection in the lights window candles and lead to the disclosure of the crime:. Second daughter, Lindsay feels (also intuitively) fathers right, sneaks into the house and Garvey razdobyvaet have real evidence. But Harvey has time to escape. Many have read the book writes that the outcome is not convincing. Disappointing supposedly interchange. Serial killer Harvey, do not ruin a girl, many years later dies from accidental icicles. Even something as ridiculous: and where the price paid, where terrible torments commensurate sins? And indeed the death scene is described as something resembling, in between times. This neglect to the fate of the character, probably intended to emphasize its insignificance. Between the victim and the killer does not have such a strong and unbreakable connection, which they sometimes credited. Garvey nothing more than a tragic accident in the life of Suzy, her own icicle. And Susie ghost for so long can not leave the world of the living, hanging between heaven and earth, not because her death is not with vengeance, killer unpunished, and bones not buried. No; her soul (as well as any other concept in Siebold) holds here only one thing: love. Love family and love of family. While this thread is not interrupted, or rather, until Suzy is not ripen before that most of its insulation, it is doomed and remain Suzy, a girl 14 years old, white, American Siebold only hints that there is still some way continued. That mezhdumire where Susie is stuck not the final destination. But for him to leave, it is necessary to leave the last -. Lovely bones of earthly life, love for a living Throughout Suzy novel suffers from the fact that he could never grow. In light of this, the last words of the novel looks symbolic: elderly couple finds in the forest the old, rusty bracelet with pendants, once owned by Susie  «- girl is, I suppose, very adult became, said his wife. . Almost. Yes, not exactly. I wish you live happily ever after.  »

Boar, Boor, and Bore - Commonly Confused Words

Boar, Boor, and Bore - Commonly Confused Words The noun boar refers to an uncastrated pig. The noun boor refers to a rude or ill-mannered person. As a verb, bore means to make a hole or passage or to become tiresome or dull. In addition, bore is the past tense of the irregular verb bear.​ As a noun, bore refers to a hole made by boring, the hollow part of a tube, or someone or something that is dull and tiresome. See also: Board and Bored Examples My grandmother once stepped out onto the front porch and shot a boar that was attacking her dogs.To avoid having to attend dinner parties, Jon played the part of a hopeless boor- an uncouth country bumpkin.An engineer conceived a plan to bore a tunnel through the mountain ridge to speed upriver freight traffic.The graduation speaker was a complete bore, and half the audience went to sleep. Practice (a) These creatures _____ into the limestone by dissolving it with an acidic chemical they excrete.(b) It was a Norse tradition to eat wild _____ at Yuletide.(c) If an Englishman settles in Australia, he is regarded as a _____ if he criticizes all things Australian and constantly harps on how much better the English are.(d) Phils friends say that he has become a total _____, talking about nothing but his children and his golf game. Answers to Practice Exercises:Boar, Boor, and Bore (a) These creatures  bore  into the limestone by dissolving it with an acidic chemical they excrete.(b) It was a Norse tradition to eat wild  boar  at Yuletide.(c) If an Englishman settles in Australia, he is regarded as a  boor  if he criticizes all things Australian and constantly harps on how much better the English are.(d) Phils friends say that he has become a total  bore, talking about nothing but his children and his golf game.

Global warming Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global warming - Article Example Most of the remaining 70% is absorbed by the land and ocean and the atmosphere absorbs the remainder. Radiation takes place when the rocks, the seas, and the air get warm, thus forming energy that travels into the atmosphere and water vapor and gases like carbon dioxide and methane absorb most of the energy. Additionally, the absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere is important for life on earth as it provides a comfortable atmosphere as compared to the chilly atmosphere that would be caused by lack of green houses. Scientists argue that over the past 250 years, humans have increased significantly the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This is mostly through burning fuels and cutting down forests that absorb carbon. Today, the atmosphere is filled with greenhouse gas molecules and the atmosphere absorbs the energy emitted. Lastly, due to the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases, the earth’s atmosphere is becoming an efficient

Effects of graduating from college in a bad economy Essay

Effects of graduating from college in a bad economy - Essay Example dual works in the long run as compared to the number of working hours and probability of gaining employment during good economic conditions in the long run (Liu 2). The immediate to short term effects are that fresh graduates fail to obtain positions that are highly desired by them if they graduate in a recession and shifting between jobs is even quite difficult (Oreopoulos 23). They even fail to bargain for higher paying jobs as they fail to gain employment in high paying positions. For example: Kahn figured out that those who graduate during recessionary period earn around 3 to 5 percent less over a period of 20 years (Kahn 310). Those individuals who gain graduation during recessionary sessions do not face difference in gaining job opportunities and working hours in the long run as compared to their peers who graduate during booming conditions. In the short run they experience failure to find high paying jobs, desirable positions, failure to switch jobs and demand low wage rates. Oreopoulos, Philip, Andrew Heisz, and Till . Wachter. The Short and Long-Term Career Effects of Graduating in a Recession: Hysteresis and Heterogeneity in the Market for College Graduates. Cambridge, Ma: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. Internet resource. SABLIK, TIM. "Are New Graduates Left Behind in a Recession?." Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012.

Christians today Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Christians today - Coursework Example All believers met together at a certain place, and they shared whatever they had. Likewise, Christians today should share what they have with those in need. Another thing that Christians of today can learn from the early church is that there is a need to fellowship with other Christians and worship together. This should be done regularly in churches and other places of worship. Today’s Christians should also learn that they should share generously so that God can add other people to their fellowship. As Christians, there is a need to be in touch with one another and share talents apart from the usual sharing of possessions (Sommer, 2007). Christians of today can also learn from the early church that there is the need to help other people at what they cannot be able to do. In addition, Christians should seek help at what they are not perfect. Just like the bodies of human beings have several parts each playing a certain role, so is the body of Christ. As such, there should be the realization among Christians that they belong to one another as they can be termed as many parts that comprise Christs body (Sommer,

Globalisation and the Nation State

Globalisation and the Nation State Globalisation And The Changing Role Of The Nation-State Will the nation-state geo-political structure survive the onslaught of the juggernaut of globalisation? Most scholarly articles take the ‘to be or not to be’ approach in addressing this question. Occasionally, some authors also take the more subtle and diplomatic approach of ‘whatever will be, will be’. However, in this essay I distance myself from popular literature in that I take a subjective yet historically sound position. The stand taken in this essay neither pleases the die-hard nation-state proponents, nor does it echo the predictions of the globalization-will-lead-to-one-nation theorists. Rather, I simply put forward historical evidence to draw our attention to two key trends: the evolution of the nation-state, and the progress/process of globalisation since antiquity. And, in the light of these historical trends I propose that the process of globalisation neither marks the end of the nation-state, nor does it strengthen its position as a constructin g unit in world geo-politics. On the contrary, current trends of globalisation clearly mark the transformation of the role of the nation-state in international relations, which can be clearly seen in the gradual shifting of sovereignty from nation-states to mega-corporate states/entities like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organisation (WTO), and the World Bank. The Rise Of The Nation-State The basis of the current nation-state model of world organisation lies in the Westphalian principle of sovereignty (Croxton, 1999). However, the concept of sovereignty as the aforementioned article claims is itself not a creation of the Westphalian model. Rather, the question of sovereignty is as old as the first war ever found between human forces. Nevertheless, to put things into perspective, the evolution of governance and sovereignty can be traced in a sequential pattern starting with tribal governance and city-states leading ultimately to nation-states (Brinkman Brinkman, 2008). In fact, as Brinkman (2008) puts it, â€Å"Over time the locus of sovereignty evolved along with the evolution of governance in the form of city-states, nation-states, and on to nationalism.† In other words, as people began living together in growing numbers they organised themselves into small nomadic tribes whose sovereign was often the tribal leader, or the family patriarch or matriarch (whichever may be the case). Over time, these tribes settled into towns and cities. With increasing population, the sovereign authority gradually shifted from the head of the tribal family onto a ruling family, i.e. a system of monarchy. Unlike tribal leaders who were chosen from among the clan, the rulers were born into the royal family. This system was necessary to avoid bloody clashes and in-fighting among the populace. However, as time went by and knowledge became widespread, the time was ripe for the birth of the nation-state. The genesis of nationalism took place when the transference of loyalty of a given nationality became directed toward â€Å"we the people, via the formation of a republican form of government (Brinkman Brinkman, 2008). The people who had given up their indiv idual sovereignty, first to the head of the family, and later to the rulers, decided to take it back in the form of democracy where the sovereignty rested with â€Å"we the people†. The collective identity of â€Å"we the people† manifested in the form of the nation-state. This brings us to the present times. The world is rapidly changing in many ways: technically, socially, culturally, intellectually, and so on. However, when we look at geo-political organisation of the world we can observe a trend towards a larger governing body that transcends the conventional limits of the nation-state units. The world is increasingly being controlled by mega-corporate entities like the IMF, WTO, and the World Bank. Nation-states are, either willingly or by compulsion, compromising their sovereignty in order to survive the onslaught of globalisation. So, does that mean that the nation-states are nearing their shelf-life? Did the individual-self completely and permanently sacrifice itself when humankind first decided to appoint tribal leaders? Likewise, did the ruling class become an extinct breed with the dawn of democracy and the birth of the nation-state? The answer is an emphatic no. Rather, these constructing units took on different roles in the organisation of the society as the locus of sovereignty shifted and new constructing units were formed to accommodate the growing populations and rise of civilizations. So, what does this mean for the future of the nation-state? In the last century we have seen the birth of a new political unit that transcends geographical limits: the mega-corporate state. However, for the new order to exist the old one must give up that which in the first place called it into existence: sovereignty. The sovereignty of the nation-state is in conflict with that of the megacorporate state (Brinkman Brinkman, 2008), but we can already see signs of transference of this sovereignty from the former to the latter. Once the process has been completed, the world might function with completely new dynamics, with the nation-states playing a key role in the new world-political mechanism. In other words, the nation-state would undergo a transformation in that its role in world politics would change in order to facilitate the rise of the megacorporate state. The Progress/Process Of Globalisation Having drawn our attention to the rise of the nation-state and its changing role in present times, let us now look at the cause behind the change. Globalisation, as many believe, is not a phenomena nor is it a product/consequence of the industrial revolution, technological advancements, or the enlightenment of humankind in the last couple of centuries. Rather it is a human-initiated process that began in antiquity when our species first began to spread across the face of the planet earth. Globalisation is a journey (Wolf, 2001) that began as long ago as when the first traders/merchants began setting out on adventurous journeys in search of fortunes in unchartered foreign lands, and even further back to when flourishing civilizations began forming ancient world empires. However, in order to put things into perspective and to keep the essay short and to avoid the risk of digressing, let us look at the process of globalisation in the context of the last couple of centuries. Globalisation as a process has always been at work in the march of human civilizations, however it has only been observable in recent times due to various developments that are intrinsically linked to innovation and technology. As Martin (2001) puts it, over the past five centuries technological advancements have progressively reduced the barriers to international integration. Rapid and affordable means of transportation as well as widespread communication networks offering real-time access to information have significantly and undeniably accelerated the pace of globalisation, especially over the past century. However, the globalising trends of increased trade, huge investments in foreign markets, as well as rise in immigration rates are not unprecedented. Martin (2001) compares statistics from pre-World War I period as well as from the late 1800s to that of current times to show that all these trends were almost at the same levels are they are today. Yet, there is something substant ially different going on today than a couple of centuries ago. The accelerated pace of globalisation has created the need for the birth of megacorporate entities. This is particularly true since the 1970s when nation-states around the globe began adopting liberal economic policies, and started opening up their markets to international trade and investment. The rapidly integrating world has exposed the inadequacies of the nation-state model in that the sovereignty of the nation-state is in direct conflict with the progress of the human society. This realization has initiated world leaders to afford policy changes that mark the shift of sovereignty to entities that transcend geo-political boundaries. So, is the nation-state dying? An emphatic no again. On the contrary, nation-states are evolving into more efficient geo-political units that have a greater role to play in international relations. However, the cost of international integration and progress must come at the expense of national sovereignty. The rise of the megacorporate state can be seen in the active role that its precursors like the IMF, WTO, and the World Bank play in international politics. In order to govern a world that is increasingly becoming inter-linked and inter-dependent it essential that sovereignty be shifted to a governing body that isn’t bound by geo-political boundaries. However, nationalism has taken deep roots in the peoples of all nations, and hence it would not be without much blood shed and war that nation-states can be destroyed to form a one-world order. Fortunately, there is an alternative to war: the megacorporate state that delegates with nation-states on not completely but only certain aspects – the sharing of sovereign much like that in current day federal states. In other words, the world is moving to organising itself into a world federation of nation-states. Another question arises here. Is globalisation destroying the capacity of governments to form national policies? Quite the contrary. As Martin points out, â€Å"Globalisation can progress only as far as national policy makers will allow.† He goes on to argue the proposition that globalisation will make the nation-states unnecessary is even less credible than the idea that it makes them impotent. Martin puts forward three defences for his arguments. First, the ability of a society to take advantage of the opportunities offered by international economic integration depends on the quality of public goods, such as property rights, an honest civil service, personal security, and basic education. Removing the nation-state from the equation would necessitate the redundancy of creating an equivalent unit to fill in the vacuum left by the nation-state in the first place. Second, the nation-state offers the members of a society a sense of identity and a sense of belonging. While not ent irely impossible, finding a global-identity that is agreeable to all peoples would again be a redundant process. Rather, it is more logical and natural to develop parallel identities of belonging to a nation that is itself a part of the world. Third, international governance depends on the ability of nation-states to provide and guarantee stability. As Martin puts it, â€Å"The bedrock of international order is the territorial state with its monopoly on coercive power within its jurisdiction.† In simple words, the nation-state has a slightly different yet vital role to play in international governance. As Martin (2001) rightly argues, technology while pointing towards greater international integration, was in and by itself not responsible for the changing dynamics of world politics and geo-political organisation. â€Å"Policy, not technology, has determined the extent and pace of international economic integration.†(Wolf, 2001). Conclusion Globalisation is not necessarily an evil like some of us perceive it to be. On the contrary, it is a necessary process for the progress of human civilizations. While some of us believe that globalisation marks the end of the nation-state, I strongly believe that the nation-state will continue to play a vital role in world organisation and politics, albeit in a different role than that of a sovereign power. Nation-states are and will continue to be vital for people to be able to successfully benefit from the opportunities afforded by international integration (Wolf, 2001). I further agree with Martin (2001) in that global governance will come not at the expense of the nation-state but rather as an expression of the interests that the state embodies. I also agree that globalization is a choice and not a matter of destiny. â€Å"It is a choice made to enhance a nation’s economic well-being.† (Wolf, 2001) References Brinkman, R. L., Brinkman, J. E. (2008). Globalization and the nation-state: Dead or alive. Journal of Economic Issues, 42(2), 425-433. Croxton, D. (1999). The peace of westphalia of 1648 and the origins of sovereignty. The International History Review, 21(3), 569-591. Wolf, M. (2001). Will the nation-state survive globalization? Foreign Affairs, 80(1), 178-190. doi:http://www.foreignaffairs.com/archive

Plato’s Concept of the Soul and its Relationship with the Body Essay ex

Plato’s Concept of the Soul and its Relationship with the Body Plato’s theory of the body and soul originated from his earlier theories and dialogs, ‘the analogy of the cave’ and ‘the theory of forms’. Plato believed that the soul is immortal. That the soul existed before it came to the physical body, and it is still there when the body dies. This is a dualistic interpretation of the mind/body problem. Plato linked the soul to a charioteer in charge of two horses, the mind and the body, which are pulling in completely opposite directions. The soul wanting to go back to the world of the forms and the body wanting to enjoy the five sense plus pleasure. In Plato’s words - the body is the source of endless trouble†¦it fills us full of love and lust and fear and fancies of all kinds†¦and takes us away from all power of thinking at all. Therefore emphasised that the philosophers must live simply and avoid sensual pleasure so as to focus the mind on the soul and gain its knowledge. The analogy of the cave relates to the...

Research Essay

1. Dadaism- was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century. Many claim Dada began in Zurich, Switzerland in 1916, spreading to Berlin shortly thereafter but the height of New York Dada was the year before in 1915. To quote Dona Budd’s The Language of Art Knowledge. Dada was born out of negative reaction to the horrors of World War I. This international movement was begun by a group of artist and poets associated with the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich. Dada rejected reason and logic, prizing nonsense, irrationality and intuition. The origin of the name Dada is unclear; some believe that it is a nonsensical word. Others maintain that it originates from the Romanian artists Tristan Tzara’s and Marcel Janco’s frequent use of the words da, da, meaning yes, yes in the Romanian language. Another theory says that the name â€Å"Dada† came during a meeting of the group when a paper knife stuck into a French-German dictionary happened to point to ‘dada’, a French word for ‘hobbyhorse’. 2. Cubism- is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Là ©ger and Juan Gris that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century. The term is broadly used in association with a wide variety of art produced in Paris (Montmartre, Montparnasse and Puteaux) during the 1910s and extending through the 1920s. Variants such as Futurism and Constructivism developed in other countries. A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul Cà ©zanne, which were displayed in a retrospective at the 1907 Salon d’Automne. In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. 3. Impressionism- is a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Their independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France. The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, soleil levant(Impression, Sunrise), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satirical review published in the Parisian newspaper Le Charivari. Impressionist painting characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles. The development of Impressionism in the visual arts was soon followed by analogous styles in other media that became know n as impressionist music and impressionist literature. 4. Expressionism- was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. Expressionist artists sought to express meaning or emotional experience rather than physical reality. Expressionism was developed as an avant-garde style before the First World War. It remained popular during the Weimar Republic, particularly in Berlin. The style extended to a wide range of the arts, including painting, literature, theatre, dance, film, architecture and music.

Character Study of Andy For th essays

Character Study of Andy For th essays Andy was a great example of conversion. He really had goals and kept to them for years. He was a hard-determined person to achieve freedom. He was living a great life as a banker, and knew his profession well. He had everything going for him, except his true love. He had suspected his lover was cheating on him, and one day he caught her in the act. He went to get drunk and then came back with a gun. Bad thoughts came into his mind. He didnt follow through with this act, but someone else did. The situation showed that he had done it because of the brandy bottle with his fingerprints, he had the same kind of gun that matched the bullets used, and that it was a situation where he would be furious. The courts found him guilty and gave him a life sentence. After being sent to jail and being innocent, he first began to accept that he was in jail, and that there was no way to change it. After getting the rock pick and knocking the rock off the wall when he was trying to carve h is name, he realized that getting out was a possibility. This scene was the place where he had a major cross over. Then, he set out to gain his rightfully earned freedom. He finished off his crossing over when he realized with when he was sitting by the wall in the courtyard with Red. He said, You have to get busy living, or get busy dying. This scene made us think that he was going to hang himself, but instead he chose the road to living. I believe that Andy had some major new responses to life and himself. If he was never convicted, he would not of learned what he had learned. He found that it is a cruel world out there and he had it good. He had changed how he saw the world and people around him. He found out how to set serious goals, and keep up with them for years and years. In the real world as a banker, he most likely had everything provided for him with all the money he made. In prison, he had to learn how to get things...

Free Essays on South Africa

World War II In 1939 war finally began, causing the second global conflict. Many things had sparked World War II. After World War I, Germany’s pride was hurt, hurt because they were humiliated. And since their pride meant everything they would someday repay or regain their pride. So Germany’s eager for revenge was high. As the present of communism was spreading towards the US, the threat of it came along with it. It wasn’t only a threat to the US but to its religious freedom as well. Even though the threat of fascism was growing to the threat of communism out weighed it by a lot. So with the distraction of communism, Hitler’s forces were able to build up. Germany’s desire for revenge led them to attack a weakened country, France. France after the World War I wanted peace. And the German forces knew that France would not attack back. So Germany then invaded France causing the problems that sooner or later led to the 2nd World War. Although America remained neutral for a period of time they soon became involved in preventing World War II. Doing this by trying to give Hitler what he wanted while Hitler gave up on conquering other countries. But this did not work. Hitler did not give up causing countries to become madder at him for not following the deal. America’s business may have led to WW II also, because America remained neutral. We remained neutral at the beginning because supposedly we were to busy ourselves. This also adds on the poor leaders of the Allies. If some of leaders would have tried to prevent Hitler from spreading anymore may have helped prevent war. The most important factor that started war was the invasion of Poland. The invasion led the rest of the world to become mad and upset with Hitler and his forces. If Germany would have agreed to the appeasement the break out of anger may have prevented the whole thing. Even though this was not the only thing that led to the war, it had a great imp... Free Essays on South Africa Free Essays on South Africa World War II In 1939 war finally began, causing the second global conflict. Many things had sparked World War II. After World War I, Germany’s pride was hurt, hurt because they were humiliated. And since their pride meant everything they would someday repay or regain their pride. So Germany’s eager for revenge was high. As the present of communism was spreading towards the US, the threat of it came along with it. It wasn’t only a threat to the US but to its religious freedom as well. Even though the threat of fascism was growing to the threat of communism out weighed it by a lot. So with the distraction of communism, Hitler’s forces were able to build up. Germany’s desire for revenge led them to attack a weakened country, France. France after the World War I wanted peace. And the German forces knew that France would not attack back. So Germany then invaded France causing the problems that sooner or later led to the 2nd World War. Although America remained neutral for a period of time they soon became involved in preventing World War II. Doing this by trying to give Hitler what he wanted while Hitler gave up on conquering other countries. But this did not work. Hitler did not give up causing countries to become madder at him for not following the deal. America’s business may have led to WW II also, because America remained neutral. We remained neutral at the beginning because supposedly we were to busy ourselves. This also adds on the poor leaders of the Allies. If some of leaders would have tried to prevent Hitler from spreading anymore may have helped prevent war. The most important factor that started war was the invasion of Poland. The invasion led the rest of the world to become mad and upset with Hitler and his forces. If Germany would have agreed to the appeasement the break out of anger may have prevented the whole thing. Even though this was not the only thing that led to the war, it had a great imp...

Centralisation and Decentralisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Centralisation and Decentralisation - Essay Example We dissect a case in which the center is not a solitary individual yet a gathering, a populace. There are, on a fundamental level, a few phases of an org issue where one can present an aggregate control issue: the agreement arranges, the checking stage, the requirement stage. As the first venture in this plan, for the purpose of simplification and similarity with different regions of provision, we cast our examination in a class of models that has turned into the workhorse multi foremost executor structure: the "normal org" model, which concentrates on the contracting stage. One variant of the normal office model, known as inherent regular org, is a great first estimate to the issue of control of policymakers by residents. Aghion and Tirole's (1997) worry is a substantive one: while org-graphs, titles, and formal occupation obligations are effortlessly measured, it is troublesome to concentrate by means of reviews or different means the personalities of the individuals who have subje ctive information. The vague, indescribable, delicate nature of subjective information can result in overview reactions to be problematic and unverifiable, but then this learning is key to firm esteem. Authoritative scholars contend that human co-operation and correspondence channels, for example, gatherings are the essential hierarchical instrument by which the administration chain perceives the vicinity of subjective information and lets the holder of this learning substantively impact the choice.

Genetically Modified Organisms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Genetically Modified Organisms - Research Paper Example This paper will focus on discussing several issues concerning genetically modified organisms. In the first section, the paper will define these organisms and describe the process of their production. In addition, the paper will pay attention to the myths and truths surrounding GMOs, and outline the areas of application. All the organisms have a definitive genetic makeup that determines the traits that they exhibit. Since the genotype determines all the phenotypic characteristics of organism, any change in the genetic set up translates to a change in the phenotype. This forms the basis of the construction of genetically modified organisms. After the success of several fundamental studies that sought to analyze the genetic constitution of organisms, science moved to a different level (Tyagi, 2009). After scientists succeeded in sequencing several genomes, this success served as a benchmark in understanding the entire genetic constitution in an organism. Moreover, the discovery of restr iction enzymes played a critical role in making gene recombination a possibility. The application of the new knowledge helped scientists develop techniques of altering the genotype of an organism (U.S. Department of Energy Genome Program, 2012). Genetically modified organisms are organisms whose genetic constitution has been altered the introduction of gene from a different species, conferring a new trait to the organism. The production of genetically modified organism focuses on exploiting the positive side of the modification process. Therefore, scientists only seek to induce genetic changes that confer positive qualities such as resistance to diseases and pests. Currently, there are genetically modified organisms from both the plant and animal families (Philips, 2008). The initial genetically modified organisms had only one gene inserted into their genomes and exhibited only one additional quality that was not evident in the wild types. However, the recent advances in biotechnolo gy have presented new realms of inserting several genes into the genome of an organism. Scientists introduced genetically modified organisms as way of scientifically introducing a desirable trait to an organism (Antoniou, Robinson, & Fagan, 2012). Prior to the development of modifying organisms by introducing a new gene, scientists had tried artificial breeding to replace the rather random natural selection. This confirms that science is directly linked with GM. Natural selection denotes the natural breeding that occurs without the influence of the choice of mates by humans. In this case, breeding within species occurs only under the control of the law of inheritance as described by Mendel. According to Mendel, the offspring inherits one of each pair of characters that are different in the parent’s genotype (Kuldell, 2005). However, for each gene, one allele is dominant, explaining the law of dominance as explained further by Mendel. Mendel provided laws that served to explai n the inheritance of qualities through the dominant-recessive principles. Mendel’s work formed a strong foundation for understanding genetics. Other geneticists later described co dominance and incomplete dominance; patterns that are important have proved to be of great significance in understanding the inheritance of some critical traits. Patterns of inheritance that surround natural selection often confer undesirable traits. Therefore, artificial selection came into place to exert a level of control

Living with in-laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Living with in-laws - Essay Example Land is very reasonable right now and we had found several potential locations from looking online in the county where my mother lives. It’s a peaceful place where simple people can get away from the pressure of living in the fast paced, automated work world. There were plenty of places nearby that weren’t polluted; we could still go fishing, camping, and enjoy nature. What a sweet deal! There was no reason to stay in North Carolina as being near my wife’s family had always proved to be more of a stressor than helpful. Her family has some serious issues with backwoods ignorance and just plain meanness that made wanting to leave look like the next best thing to oxygen. They argue and bicker continuously; that is when they are still speaking to each other. Besides, we had never lived near my mother; I missed the closeness we had shared in my youth. She has always been a good mom to me; supporting every effort I made to grow and develop myself along the journey. Now that she’s facing her senior years, and is alone, I felt it would be wonderful to be close by in case she needs some support. About two months after I left for Missouri, my wife called one day, crying, and told me that her mother was ill. Apparently she had developed heart problems; I’m sure it had nothing to do with all the pork and lard biscuits she eats, and cigarettes she smokes. Make no mistake about it, mountain women are just plain work. I missed my wife; there was no way I wanted to stay in Missouri and let her stay in North Carolina for any extended length of time by herself, especially not at the mercy of her family. This was our dream and I just couldn’t get excited about it with her missing from the picture. As much as it killed me, I stopped everything and came back to North Carolina to support my wife in dealing with her family. My wife took her mother to the

Moon Palace by Paul Auster Essay Example for Free

Moon Palace by Paul Auster Essay This is the story of Marco Stanley Fogg, an orphan searching for love, his father and the key to the riddle of his origin and fate. Marcos mother was killed in a car accident when he was eleven years old, and he never knew who was his father. Since then he had lived with his Uncle Victor in a small apartment on 112th Street in N.Y. His Uncle was a part of a band who was named Wally Moon and preformed at the Moon Palace diner. When Stanley grew up he went to the University; Uncle Victor gave him for this occasion a present, one thousand books. Afterwards, his Uncle had suddenly died. Then Stanleys situation became worse; He saw his money dwindle to zero, he lost the apartment and wound up living in the streets (He slept for three weeks in Central Park without food and with little money). His friends David Zimmer and Kitty Wu had found him and took care of him til he recover from his illness. Staley lived in Zimmers house until he had moved away to another apartment, then Stanley searched for a new place to live and found a job as a live-in companion for an elderly gentleman in a wheelchair. He lived with him for about half year until the gentleman died. His name was Effing Thomas but his real name was Julian Barber. In the past he was a famous painter but he stopped painting after the death of his brother and he changed his name after being considered dead by mistake. Stanley and Effing were very bonded since Effing was like the father Stanley never had. Dear Diary June, 1967 Today I was again in Broadway Street where was Chandlers Bookstore. I had sold him another box of Uncle Victors book. Sure, I had already read them. I know that they were the only memory, which was left from my uncle, buy I need the money to pay the rent and to buy some food and eat. August, 1968 Today I woke up early in the morning and got out to the street. As I was walking I saw that the drugstore had been opened already, I entered and I dropped a penny into the drugstore Exacto scale to see what was happening to me. From 154 in June, I fell to 139 in July and then to 123 in august. For someone who measured slightly over six feet, this began to be dangerously little. August, 1969 Today Fernandez, the owner of the building, threw me out my apartment. I took my knapsack with a few odds and ends, tucked the clarinet case, that Uncle Victor had left to me, and walked out the door I dont know what Ill do, or where do Ill go October, 1970 Now I have just finished to type down the life story of Effing on the typewriter that he had gave me. I have copied it from the notes I had taken in those nights when we sat down after supper. Me on the sofa and him in his wheelchair. He had told everything; Why had he changed his name and why did he choose this name (Effing), why did he stop painting, what happened to his wife and to his son. And eventually he told me that when he will die he wants his body to be cremated.

Factors Influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyw

Factors Influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyw 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT OUTLINE The title of the project chosen by the author is â€Å"Study on the Factors Influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware in Computers and mobile devices† which simply means that the author analyzes the topic through an empirical study. The study focuses on the factors that influence Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware in Computers and mobile devices. Computers and mobile devices are widely used; they are used to access the internet, while everyone wants to acquire the internet in todays world. While technology advances, so are the criminal activities on the technology. When talking about computer crime, the first thing that comes to mind is spyware. Spyware is so big of a crime that millions of dollars are lost annually due to it. Hackers use spyware to still private information from the users like credit card information and so on. Although spyware has been here for a long time, it is computer crime with no legal consequence. Users have little or no knowledge about what spyware is and what it can do to them and their machines (computers and mobile devises). Even though virus has been around longer than spyware, but spyware is beginning to make its mark with computer security breaches. Spyware can collect personal data from a users computer. If not taken care of spyware can cause delayed processing of many of your applications. Below are the brief descriptions of each chapter: Chapter one: Introduction This chapter provides a brief overview of the project. It provides the reader with the background information about spyware and the problem statement. The research questions, limitations and methodology are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter two: Literature Review This chapter mainly deals with the pertinent literature of the spyware and discussion on the various types of spyware effect and the comparison between the mobile spyware and the computer spyware. Lastly, the chapter will also discuss about the factors enhancing spyware growth. Chapter three: Research Framework and Hypotheses Development In this chapter, the author is going to propose the research framework/model and hypotheses to explore the users perception about privacy, self efficiency, security, legal framework, spyware knowledge and self-efficiency, trust and cost. Chapter four: Research Methodology This chapter will describe the research design that is used during the research. The chapter will discuss the overall research process. The chapter will also include information on data collection, sampling plan and questionnaire development. Chapter five: Data Analysis and Findings This chapter will outline the data collected through questionnaire and interviews by making use of the appropriate software and analysis of the study. The chapter will also provide discussion of the research findings. Chapter six: Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter will discuss about the result of the previous chapter the contribution of the study to the body knowledge. Conclusion along with future enhancement will also be discussed in the chapter. This chapter concludes the research. 1.2 INTRODUCTION This chapter is meant to give the user/reader helpful idea and an insight to the whole research. Most readers will like to get a grasp of the main ideas of a research paper before actually proceeding to read the whole research. This chapter clearly states the primary objective of the research and the main problem which is been researched. The backgrounds and nature of the study are also highlight the purpose of the research. Several books and journals have been read by the author so as to have foundation knowledge on the concept of spyware. Spyware is a significant problem to most computer users today. The term â€Å"spyware† describes a new class of computer software. This software tracks users activities online or offline, provides targeted advertising, and engage in other types of activities that the user does not desire or the user may describe as invasive to them. Analysis suggests that these types of programs may reside on up to 90 percent (%) of all the computers connected to the internet (EarthLink 2005). Frequently, programs bundle spyware with freeware or shareware, though it can also arrive via email, instant messages or web downloads. While the magnitude of the spyware problem is well documented, even do recent studies have had only limited success in explaining the broad range of user behaviors that contribute to the proliferation of spyware. Unlike viruses and other malicious code, users wont even know that spyware is installed in their systems. This is because some spywares cannot be detected by most anti-viruses and anti spyware that we have today. Anecdotal evidence suggests, and our study confirms, that some users are willing to install spyware when the desired application is of perceived high utility and a comparable product without spyware is not available or known to the user (Michelle Delio, 2004). The authors goal in this study is to understand the factors and users decision making process that leads to technical defensive measures. During installation, users are presented with notices such as software agreements, terms of service (TOS), end user licensing agreements (EULA), and security warnings. Based on information in these notices, users should, in theory, be able to make a decision about whether to install the software and evaluate the potential consequences of that decision. However, there is a general perception that these notices are ineffective and users often dont even read the software agreement, terms of service, end user licensing or security warnings. One software provider included a $1000 cash prize offer in the EULA that was displayed during each software installation, yet the prize was only claimed after 4 months and 3,000 downloads of the software (PC PitStop 2005). 1.3 BACKGROUND STUDY Spyware has existed at least since the late 1980s when some Keyloggers where discovered in some university computers. â€Å"The word spyware was first used in publicly in October 1995. It popped up on Usenet (a distributed Internet discussion system in which users post e-mail like messages) in an article aimed at Microsofts business model† (Shanmuga 2005). Over the years, there has been a steady growth in the use of spyware by online attackers and criminals to execute crime against individual, companies and organisations. In the span of just few years, spyware has become the internets most popular download. During the years, the anti-spyware was developed to tackle this problem. The anti-spyware was meant to find, detect and remove the spyware. But even with the development of anti-spyware, spyware still continues to grow every day. One of the factors that aid this growth is the lack of standard definition of spyware. Jerry Berman, President of the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), explained in testimony to the Subcommittee on Communications of the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee in March 2004 that â€Å"The term has been applied to software ranging from keystroke loggers that capture every key typed on a particular computer; to advertising applications that track users web browsing; to programs that hijack users system settings.† (CDT 2004) He noted that what these various types of software programs â€Å"have in common is a lack of transparency and an absence of respect for users ability to control their own computers and Internet connections† (CDT 2004). Different anti-spyware companies and organizations use different definition which makes even difficult for the users of computers and mobile dont even know what spyware is, as such how can they know the threat of it and the harm it those to their devices 1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT The problem statement of this research study is â€Å"does the hypothesized factors influence and positively affects the users attitude towards spyware?† Even do spyware has been here for over two decades, it still does not have a standard definition. This makes it harder for users to understand what spyware is and how it affects their system, and how deep is the level of impact (Norbert 2007). Past studies have been done to study the development of spyware and its growth, how it affects the businesses, privacy and other personal informations of the users, and disrupts the performance of the users machine, and the factors that influence the growth. While the magnitude of the spyware problem is well documented, these studies have had only limited success in explaining the broad range of user behaviors that contribute to the proliferation of spyware. Unlike virus and other malicious codes, users often have the choice to whether they want to install this spyware or not. This situation often arises as a result of users not reading the software agreement, term of service or the end user licensing agreements. While other users install it with other programs without knowing. Nonetheless, only very few studies focus specifically on the factors influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware in Computers and mobile devices, and most of them were carried out in the United States of America USA. Addressing this problem is a very big issue, because users dont want to spend two to five minutes of their time to read the terms of service. The software producers often put in a lot of information in the terms of service there by making the user not read because it is too lengthy. 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS With reference to the Problem statement, the author suggested the following questions: What are the factors influencing Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware among users? What are the theoretical models used and extended in previous research studies of spyware? What are the users reactions towards spyware? How will the research result affect the Factors Influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware on computers and mobile devices? 1.6 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES With reference to the research questions, the author developed the following research objectives for the study: To identify the factors influencing Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware among users. To study and discuss the theoretical models used and extended in previous research studies of spyware. To better understand the users reaction towards spyware. To discuss the empirical result and the suggestion to promote and reduce the growth of spyware. 1.7 NATURE OF STUDY The author is studying about the Factors Influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware in both mobile devices and computers, and he will generate some questionnaires which he will use to gather information from the general public. This study was design in such a way that the author and other practitioners will answer questions based on their perspective view. The conceptual model was based on extensive literature review of various theoretical models that is aligned with the technological, network, economical, business and some other dimension. The conceptual model is then converted into research model for validation and testing using data collected from the general public and some network specialist. 1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This study presents two main implications, the theoretical contribution and the practical contribution. The developed model in this study consists of six constructs; they are spyware knowledge, perceived privacy control, security effect, self efficiency, legal framework, and trustworthiness and trust in vendors. This model is tested empirically to explain what will lead the users to take technical defensive measures. In practical contribution, the result of this study will also benefit the software vendors, the users of computers and mobile devices, and any other institution will be able to apply the key factors obtained from this research to meet their institutional, organizational or personal needs. This study will benefit in term of providing the users point of view and it will also contribute to administration decisions as the finding of the research help direct them to the area of focus. The findings will make the contribution in term of creating an understanding on the factors influencing technical defensive measures. 1.9 METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW This research is design in such a way that it was divided in two adopted steps. The steps are the pre-test study and the main study. The pre-test study was the study that was done in the early stages of the research. This involves the literature reviewing of type of spyware, impact of spyware, how spyware affects the machine and so on. The pre-test was conducted to gain a greater understanding about spyware. The pre-test study helps in understanding the topic there by producing the main research questions. The main study will be conducted based on a survey, a questionnaires conducted among users, corporations and some top school in Malaysia. The questionnaire will be use to collect data on some of the identified problems. The collected data will then be analyzed using the appropriate statistic tools. 1.10 CONCLUSION In conclusion, this chapter introduces the research to the reader by bringing out the background of spyware, the primary objective of the research, also stating the main questions of the research. It also discusses the methodology in summary. In short, this chapter will provides the reader will hopeful idea about the research. The following chapters will further provide the literature review on the Factors Influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware in our machines and devices. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter will provide an in-depth detail on spyware as well as the types of spyware. The chapter will also bring out all the possible definitions of spyware, the overview of spyware. The chapter will bring out the possible ways in which spyware operates and it will talk a little about the target victims of the spyware. The chapter also talks about mobile device spyware and how it is different of compute spyware. The chapter will also analyze the infection methods of spyware and so on. 2.2 DEFINITION It is not easy to bring out a standard definition on spyware, which makes it much harder to understand. But the author will bring out all the definitions he can find and also propose/bring his own definition based on his understanding of the spyware. In the definition of spyware, two particular issues must be included for the definition to be complete. But research shows that users only stick to either one of the two when defining spyware. This two issues are always been contested by the users. The two particular issues contested are the range of software behaviour and the degree of user consent that is desirable. Firstly, some users prefer the narrow definition which focuses on the monitoring (Surveillance) aspects of spyware and its ability to steal, communicate and store information about users and their behavior. Others prefer the broad definition that includes adware, toolbars, search tools, hijackers and dialers. Definitions for spyware also include hacker tools for remote access and administration, key logging and cracking passwords. Second, there is limited agreement on the lawfulnessof spyware that engages in behavior such as targeting advertisements, installing programs on user machines and collecting click stream data. Users consider a wide range of programs that present spyware-like functionality unacceptable. To complicate the definition, certain software behaviors are acceptable in some contexts but not others. Furthermore, there is concern over user notice and consentrequired during an installation process. The practice of bundlingsoftware, which merges spyware with unrelated programs, also heightens this concern. Jerry Berman, President of the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), explained in testimony to the Subcommittee on Communications of the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee in March 2004 that â€Å"The term has been applied to software ranging from keystroke loggers that capture every key typed on a particular computer; to advertising applications that track users web browsing; to programs that hijack users system settings.† (CDT 2004) He noted that what these various types of software programs â€Å"have in common is a lack of transparency and an absence of respect for users ability to control their own computers and Internet connections† (CDT 2004). The author will also like to propose his definition of spyware based on his understanding of the matter. Spyware is a program that is installed in the machine with or without the permission of the user, and it can monitor the activities of the user, steal valuable information from the user and send to a third party and disturb/regulate the functionality of the machine like speed, stability and internet access efficiency. 2.3 OVERVIEW 2.3.1 Types of spyware Basically any software that can be installed in the users machine which is used to obtains information from their computer or mobile device without their knowledge can be termed as a spyware. There are many types of spyware that are doing the rounds on the Internet, but in technical terms, you can classify them into two broad categories namely, Domestic Spyware and Commercial Spyware (UpickReviews 2007). 2.3.1.1 Domestic spyware Domestic spyware is software that is usually purchased and installed by computer owners to monitor the Internet behaviour on their computer networks. Employers usually use this software to monitor employee online activities. Some family members use domestic spyware to monitor other family members, while parents and guardians often use this kind of software to monitor the activities of their children online. Some people use this kind of softwares to spy on their friends and girl friend. In America, many couples often install this kind of software on their partners mobile phone in other to monitor their call. This usually happens when one party thinks the other is cheating on them. A third party can also install domestic spyware without the knowledge of the computer owner on their machine or mobile device. Law enforcement officials have often used domestic spyware to monitor suspected criminal activity and criminals have used domestic spyware to siphon personal information from private computers in order to steal assets (TopTenReviews 2003). Domestic spyware is one of the most common spyware used on mobile devices. This is done to monitor the activity of the target victim i.e calls and SMS. 2.3.1.2 Commercial spyware. These types of software systems are often used by third parties to monitor and record the browsing behaviour of the user. The main purpose of it is to monitor the online habits of the user and sell the gathered information to anyone who might be interested. It is often online businesses that buy the information and use it to hit the user with targeted advertising, i.e. advertisements that relate to your usual Internet browsing habits. Advertisers often use commercial spyware simply because it is far simpler, economical and faster than collecting information through legal means such as contests, questionnaires, registration surveys and the likes. It is also because information gathered by spyware is far more reliable because users often dont cooperate when it comes to filling questionnaire sincerely, while some may accept to do it but they will not give true information when it comes to their private things. Since it represents the users true browsing behaviour, the advertisers go for it. You may take your pick while filling out an online registration form, but you just cannot cheat a spyware because it simply monitors and records all your activities. In the past marketers had to bribe their way to learn the users preferences through contests, registration surveys and the like. Those methods of gaining the users personal information still exist, but in those cases you have the power to read the fine print to learn the fate of your data and so could choose to consent or refuse There are many types of spyware that are classified under commercial spyware. They are: Browser hijackers, adware, Malware, dialers, Trojans and viruses, Worms, etc. 2.3.1.2.1 Adware Adware is the most common type of spyware available. They are cookies which hide on your computer waiting for you to go online. The cookies often get into your computer through popup that you open. Once the adware detects that youre connected to the Internet it starts sending you popup, pop-over, pop-under ads, and some sort of advertisement for anything from airline tickets to porn site membership. Not only that but even information on your viewing habits is tracked and stored. This data is then sold on to marketing companies who will be sending you more junk email and popup ads (Spam-site 2006). 2.3.1.2.2 Dealers Software that gets installed on your computer that has the ability to make phone calls from your computer, though a phone-connected modem, without your knowledge. These programs will connect to other computers, through your phone line, which are usually porn sites. These numbers are pay per minute call though, so you get charged for the amount of time your computer is connected to it. ile dialers do not spy on users they are malevolent in nature because they can cause huge financial harm to their victims. It is mostly used by porn sites. They can also be classified as hijackers (Abrams 2009). 2.3.1.2.3 Malware Malware is malicious software designed specifically to damage users machine. But Malware is typically not self-replicating or designed for PC-to-PC distribution (Pareto 2009). 2.3.1.2.4 Trojan Trojan is a program that contains hidden functionality, often posing as useful applications yet performing Spyware or Adware functions and facilitates unauthorized access to the users computer system. The term ‘Trojan horse was found from the mythical wooden horse that carried hidden Greek soldiers into Troy (Pareto 2009). 2.3.1.2.5 Worm Worms are self-replicating, fast-spreading Internet threats that are more like viruses than Spyware. They differ from viruses in that they can replace entire files on the host computer. Both viruses and worms attempt to spread to as many computers as possible, using e-mail, the Internet, and file-sharing networks as methods of distribution (Pareto 2009). 2.4 OPERATIONS OF SPYWARE The usual method for a spyware to operate is to run secretly in the background of the users computers (McCardle 2003). The reason behind this concealing of processes is commonly argued as that it would hardly be acceptable, e.g., if free file-sharing software kept stopping to ask the user if they are ready to fetch a new banner or a pop-up window (Townsend 2003). Therefore, the client/server routine of spyware is normally executed in the background. In practice, there would be nothing wrong with spyware running in the background provided that the users know that it is happening, what data is being transmitted, and that they have agreed to the process as part of the conditions for obtaining the freeware. However, most users are unaware that they have software on their computers that tracks and reports information on their Internet usage to a third party. Typically, a spyware program secretly gathers user information and spreads it without the users knowledge of it. Once installed, the spyware monitors, e.g., user activity on the Internet and transmits that information in the background to third parties, such as advertising companies. In reality, spyware run constantly, even when their carrier program, e.g., a file-sharing tool, has been terminated. A more or less legal grey area is utilized by the spyware actors, since in most program licenses they specify that information may be gathered for corporate purposes. However, the usual model is to collect more information than they have asked for (Townsend 2003). Besides this, most license agreements are been formulated in such a way that the reader finds it extensively hard for users to understand. 2.5 SPYWARE INFECTION METHOD Spyware infects its victims through many different ways. The most common of these ways include drive-by download, P2P wrecks havoc, free software download, social engineering and vulnerability route. 2.5.1 Drive-by downloads This is a program that is automatically downloaded to users computer, often without the users knowledge. The download may be initiated when the user visits a website or by another application. Drive by downloads can also be initiated by Mouse Over downloads, requiring a user to run the mouse over a malicious Pop-up ad or malicious pop-up window. Another scenario is when the user visits a website that pops up a window with a message like in order to properly view this website you must install this program. The FTP / HTTP Get request will initiate the download of the software onto the client machine. Installation will be performed by the user and during this installation they will be asked permission to install the malware as well as the software. Internet Explorer uses ActiveX controls for installing legitimate plug-ins like Flash, to enhance the browsers functionality and provide interactive programs for Internet Explorer. When misused, it provides a means for installing spyware such as dialers, browser hijackers, and other types of malware. ActiveX programs can automatically download to a users computer, often without users knowledge. It can be invoked from web pages through the use of a scripting language or directly with an HTML OBJECT tag. On execution by a web browser, it has full access to the Windows operating system and does not run in a â€Å"sandbox. Depending on browser security settings, the browser application may display a security warning to either stop or continue the installation. The warning may not offer a proper description of the program, and usually is misleading or could be masked by other deceptive dialog boxes. Sometimes â€Å"No† is not taken for an answer, and repeated attempts are made to get the user to approve and download the application. ActiveX controls can be signed or unsigned. Signed ActiveX controls are automatically installed while browsing the web, and are used by spyware applications. A signed ActiveX control only verifies that the code or control was from the signer and that it has not been altered; however, it may still be malicious (Shanmuga 2005). 2.5.2 P2P Wrecks Havoc Most of the spyware comes bundled with other popular programs that are that are free, also through most of the peer-to-peer networks like Kazaa, Bearshare, Limewire among others. They install malware in the machine as part of the P2P installation process. The P2P application may not function if these components are not installed. These â€Å"free† versions generate ad revenue for their publishers, causing pop-ups and sending information to affiliate networks for data aggregation or data mining. Applications such as Cydoor, New.net, TopText, SaveNow, Webhancer, VX2, CommonName, GetNet/ClearSearch, IncrediFind and OnFlow are among the few applications that are installed this way and may serve up ad banners and ad messages, or track your Internet surfing habits. Unfortunately, the makers of the host programs try not to advertise their programs hidden payloads. Reading the licensing agreement (carefully) during installation will often reveal embedded licenses for the piggybacking adware (Shanmuga 2005). 2.5.3 Software free web download Some of the softwares that they claim is free in the internet, when you download and install them, at the same time you will be installing a secondary program. This secondary program is a spyware. It will monitor your activity and report to a third party or a central database. If the user notices the spyware and deletes it, but didnt delete the software, whenever the system online, the software will download the spyware application and install it again. This kind of infection often occurs when the use fails to read the license agreement. In other cases, the license agreement is twisted in such a way that the user will not understand it (Shanmuga 2005). 2.5.4 Social engineering Sometimes when users browse the web, they may receive offers for corrective programs or special plug-ins that may be described as necessary for viewing the site. These voluntary but covert and unintentional installations are one source of spyware. Some of these offers are made to appear like a Windows alert from Microsoft or an anti-spyware application to tricks users into downloading and installing them (Shanmuga 2005). 2.5.5 Security holes in internet explorer Another method of infection is by exploring the security holes in internet explorer. Internet Explorer has had multiple security vulnerabilities, some of which are disclosed by Microsoft with downloadable updates and patches. Some spyware applications take advantage of these holes and install Trojan droppers, which redirect the browser to portal sites. CoolWebSearch (one of the most notorious pests in recent times) and many other spyware are known to take advantage of Internet Explorer security holes. KeenValue, and InternetOptimizer are examples that use Trojan downloader (Shanmuga 2005). 2.6 MOBILE DEVICE SPYWARE Since 2004, spyware has been observed to spread among mobile devices through Bluetooth, infrared, and other forms of connections like wireless network. According to F-Secure, the number of spyware known to target mobile devices are approximate 100 (Hypponen, 2006), as of then. However, others like (Dagon, Martin, and Starner, 2004) believed that spyware will inevitably grow into a serious problem in the future. There had already been some complex, blended spyware threats on mobile devices. Within a few years, mobile spyware have grown in sophistication in a way reminiscent of 20 years of PC spyware evolution. Unfortunately, mobile devices ware not designed for security and they have limited defenses against continually evolving attacks. Mobile devices are attractive targets for several reasons (Hypponen, 2006a). This is because mobile devices have progressed far in term of hardware and communication. Mobile phones have grown from simple organizer/ communication device to a mini computer with their own operating system (like palm, windows mobile, google phone and so on) that can download and install applications. Another reason for the mobile device attack is because they are well connected. They are capable of internet access for Web browsing, facebooking , emailing, charting and applications similar to those in the PCs. They can also communicate by cellular, IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN, short range communication like Bluetooth and infrared for shorter range communication, and multimedia messaging service (MMS). Another reason for mobile spyware attack is the size of the target population. Such large target population is attractive for the spyware and malware writers who want to maximize their impact. 2.6.1 Differences to computer spyware There are three important difference of mobile device security compared to personal computer security (Becher and Freiling 2008). A first difference is the inherent possibility for Spyware to generate costs for the user and revenue to the Spyware author. This problem existed previousl Factors Influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyw Factors Influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyw 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT OUTLINE The title of the project chosen by the author is â€Å"Study on the Factors Influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware in Computers and mobile devices† which simply means that the author analyzes the topic through an empirical study. The study focuses on the factors that influence Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware in Computers and mobile devices. Computers and mobile devices are widely used; they are used to access the internet, while everyone wants to acquire the internet in todays world. While technology advances, so are the criminal activities on the technology. When talking about computer crime, the first thing that comes to mind is spyware. Spyware is so big of a crime that millions of dollars are lost annually due to it. Hackers use spyware to still private information from the users like credit card information and so on. Although spyware has been here for a long time, it is computer crime with no legal consequence. Users have little or no knowledge about what spyware is and what it can do to them and their machines (computers and mobile devises). Even though virus has been around longer than spyware, but spyware is beginning to make its mark with computer security breaches. Spyware can collect personal data from a users computer. If not taken care of spyware can cause delayed processing of many of your applications. Below are the brief descriptions of each chapter: Chapter one: Introduction This chapter provides a brief overview of the project. It provides the reader with the background information about spyware and the problem statement. The research questions, limitations and methodology are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter two: Literature Review This chapter mainly deals with the pertinent literature of the spyware and discussion on the various types of spyware effect and the comparison between the mobile spyware and the computer spyware. Lastly, the chapter will also discuss about the factors enhancing spyware growth. Chapter three: Research Framework and Hypotheses Development In this chapter, the author is going to propose the research framework/model and hypotheses to explore the users perception about privacy, self efficiency, security, legal framework, spyware knowledge and self-efficiency, trust and cost. Chapter four: Research Methodology This chapter will describe the research design that is used during the research. The chapter will discuss the overall research process. The chapter will also include information on data collection, sampling plan and questionnaire development. Chapter five: Data Analysis and Findings This chapter will outline the data collected through questionnaire and interviews by making use of the appropriate software and analysis of the study. The chapter will also provide discussion of the research findings. Chapter six: Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter will discuss about the result of the previous chapter the contribution of the study to the body knowledge. Conclusion along with future enhancement will also be discussed in the chapter. This chapter concludes the research. 1.2 INTRODUCTION This chapter is meant to give the user/reader helpful idea and an insight to the whole research. Most readers will like to get a grasp of the main ideas of a research paper before actually proceeding to read the whole research. This chapter clearly states the primary objective of the research and the main problem which is been researched. The backgrounds and nature of the study are also highlight the purpose of the research. Several books and journals have been read by the author so as to have foundation knowledge on the concept of spyware. Spyware is a significant problem to most computer users today. The term â€Å"spyware† describes a new class of computer software. This software tracks users activities online or offline, provides targeted advertising, and engage in other types of activities that the user does not desire or the user may describe as invasive to them. Analysis suggests that these types of programs may reside on up to 90 percent (%) of all the computers connected to the internet (EarthLink 2005). Frequently, programs bundle spyware with freeware or shareware, though it can also arrive via email, instant messages or web downloads. While the magnitude of the spyware problem is well documented, even do recent studies have had only limited success in explaining the broad range of user behaviors that contribute to the proliferation of spyware. Unlike viruses and other malicious code, users wont even know that spyware is installed in their systems. This is because some spywares cannot be detected by most anti-viruses and anti spyware that we have today. Anecdotal evidence suggests, and our study confirms, that some users are willing to install spyware when the desired application is of perceived high utility and a comparable product without spyware is not available or known to the user (Michelle Delio, 2004). The authors goal in this study is to understand the factors and users decision making process that leads to technical defensive measures. During installation, users are presented with notices such as software agreements, terms of service (TOS), end user licensing agreements (EULA), and security warnings. Based on information in these notices, users should, in theory, be able to make a decision about whether to install the software and evaluate the potential consequences of that decision. However, there is a general perception that these notices are ineffective and users often dont even read the software agreement, terms of service, end user licensing or security warnings. One software provider included a $1000 cash prize offer in the EULA that was displayed during each software installation, yet the prize was only claimed after 4 months and 3,000 downloads of the software (PC PitStop 2005). 1.3 BACKGROUND STUDY Spyware has existed at least since the late 1980s when some Keyloggers where discovered in some university computers. â€Å"The word spyware was first used in publicly in October 1995. It popped up on Usenet (a distributed Internet discussion system in which users post e-mail like messages) in an article aimed at Microsofts business model† (Shanmuga 2005). Over the years, there has been a steady growth in the use of spyware by online attackers and criminals to execute crime against individual, companies and organisations. In the span of just few years, spyware has become the internets most popular download. During the years, the anti-spyware was developed to tackle this problem. The anti-spyware was meant to find, detect and remove the spyware. But even with the development of anti-spyware, spyware still continues to grow every day. One of the factors that aid this growth is the lack of standard definition of spyware. Jerry Berman, President of the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), explained in testimony to the Subcommittee on Communications of the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee in March 2004 that â€Å"The term has been applied to software ranging from keystroke loggers that capture every key typed on a particular computer; to advertising applications that track users web browsing; to programs that hijack users system settings.† (CDT 2004) He noted that what these various types of software programs â€Å"have in common is a lack of transparency and an absence of respect for users ability to control their own computers and Internet connections† (CDT 2004). Different anti-spyware companies and organizations use different definition which makes even difficult for the users of computers and mobile dont even know what spyware is, as such how can they know the threat of it and the harm it those to their devices 1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT The problem statement of this research study is â€Å"does the hypothesized factors influence and positively affects the users attitude towards spyware?† Even do spyware has been here for over two decades, it still does not have a standard definition. This makes it harder for users to understand what spyware is and how it affects their system, and how deep is the level of impact (Norbert 2007). Past studies have been done to study the development of spyware and its growth, how it affects the businesses, privacy and other personal informations of the users, and disrupts the performance of the users machine, and the factors that influence the growth. While the magnitude of the spyware problem is well documented, these studies have had only limited success in explaining the broad range of user behaviors that contribute to the proliferation of spyware. Unlike virus and other malicious codes, users often have the choice to whether they want to install this spyware or not. This situation often arises as a result of users not reading the software agreement, term of service or the end user licensing agreements. While other users install it with other programs without knowing. Nonetheless, only very few studies focus specifically on the factors influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware in Computers and mobile devices, and most of them were carried out in the United States of America USA. Addressing this problem is a very big issue, because users dont want to spend two to five minutes of their time to read the terms of service. The software producers often put in a lot of information in the terms of service there by making the user not read because it is too lengthy. 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS With reference to the Problem statement, the author suggested the following questions: What are the factors influencing Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware among users? What are the theoretical models used and extended in previous research studies of spyware? What are the users reactions towards spyware? How will the research result affect the Factors Influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware on computers and mobile devices? 1.6 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES With reference to the research questions, the author developed the following research objectives for the study: To identify the factors influencing Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware among users. To study and discuss the theoretical models used and extended in previous research studies of spyware. To better understand the users reaction towards spyware. To discuss the empirical result and the suggestion to promote and reduce the growth of spyware. 1.7 NATURE OF STUDY The author is studying about the Factors Influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware in both mobile devices and computers, and he will generate some questionnaires which he will use to gather information from the general public. This study was design in such a way that the author and other practitioners will answer questions based on their perspective view. The conceptual model was based on extensive literature review of various theoretical models that is aligned with the technological, network, economical, business and some other dimension. The conceptual model is then converted into research model for validation and testing using data collected from the general public and some network specialist. 1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This study presents two main implications, the theoretical contribution and the practical contribution. The developed model in this study consists of six constructs; they are spyware knowledge, perceived privacy control, security effect, self efficiency, legal framework, and trustworthiness and trust in vendors. This model is tested empirically to explain what will lead the users to take technical defensive measures. In practical contribution, the result of this study will also benefit the software vendors, the users of computers and mobile devices, and any other institution will be able to apply the key factors obtained from this research to meet their institutional, organizational or personal needs. This study will benefit in term of providing the users point of view and it will also contribute to administration decisions as the finding of the research help direct them to the area of focus. The findings will make the contribution in term of creating an understanding on the factors influencing technical defensive measures. 1.9 METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW This research is design in such a way that it was divided in two adopted steps. The steps are the pre-test study and the main study. The pre-test study was the study that was done in the early stages of the research. This involves the literature reviewing of type of spyware, impact of spyware, how spyware affects the machine and so on. The pre-test was conducted to gain a greater understanding about spyware. The pre-test study helps in understanding the topic there by producing the main research questions. The main study will be conducted based on a survey, a questionnaires conducted among users, corporations and some top school in Malaysia. The questionnaire will be use to collect data on some of the identified problems. The collected data will then be analyzed using the appropriate statistic tools. 1.10 CONCLUSION In conclusion, this chapter introduces the research to the reader by bringing out the background of spyware, the primary objective of the research, also stating the main questions of the research. It also discusses the methodology in summary. In short, this chapter will provides the reader will hopeful idea about the research. The following chapters will further provide the literature review on the Factors Influencing the Technical Defensive Measures on Spyware in our machines and devices. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter will provide an in-depth detail on spyware as well as the types of spyware. The chapter will also bring out all the possible definitions of spyware, the overview of spyware. The chapter will bring out the possible ways in which spyware operates and it will talk a little about the target victims of the spyware. The chapter also talks about mobile device spyware and how it is different of compute spyware. The chapter will also analyze the infection methods of spyware and so on. 2.2 DEFINITION It is not easy to bring out a standard definition on spyware, which makes it much harder to understand. But the author will bring out all the definitions he can find and also propose/bring his own definition based on his understanding of the spyware. In the definition of spyware, two particular issues must be included for the definition to be complete. But research shows that users only stick to either one of the two when defining spyware. This two issues are always been contested by the users. The two particular issues contested are the range of software behaviour and the degree of user consent that is desirable. Firstly, some users prefer the narrow definition which focuses on the monitoring (Surveillance) aspects of spyware and its ability to steal, communicate and store information about users and their behavior. Others prefer the broad definition that includes adware, toolbars, search tools, hijackers and dialers. Definitions for spyware also include hacker tools for remote access and administration, key logging and cracking passwords. Second, there is limited agreement on the lawfulnessof spyware that engages in behavior such as targeting advertisements, installing programs on user machines and collecting click stream data. Users consider a wide range of programs that present spyware-like functionality unacceptable. To complicate the definition, certain software behaviors are acceptable in some contexts but not others. Furthermore, there is concern over user notice and consentrequired during an installation process. The practice of bundlingsoftware, which merges spyware with unrelated programs, also heightens this concern. Jerry Berman, President of the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), explained in testimony to the Subcommittee on Communications of the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee in March 2004 that â€Å"The term has been applied to software ranging from keystroke loggers that capture every key typed on a particular computer; to advertising applications that track users web browsing; to programs that hijack users system settings.† (CDT 2004) He noted that what these various types of software programs â€Å"have in common is a lack of transparency and an absence of respect for users ability to control their own computers and Internet connections† (CDT 2004). The author will also like to propose his definition of spyware based on his understanding of the matter. Spyware is a program that is installed in the machine with or without the permission of the user, and it can monitor the activities of the user, steal valuable information from the user and send to a third party and disturb/regulate the functionality of the machine like speed, stability and internet access efficiency. 2.3 OVERVIEW 2.3.1 Types of spyware Basically any software that can be installed in the users machine which is used to obtains information from their computer or mobile device without their knowledge can be termed as a spyware. There are many types of spyware that are doing the rounds on the Internet, but in technical terms, you can classify them into two broad categories namely, Domestic Spyware and Commercial Spyware (UpickReviews 2007). 2.3.1.1 Domestic spyware Domestic spyware is software that is usually purchased and installed by computer owners to monitor the Internet behaviour on their computer networks. Employers usually use this software to monitor employee online activities. Some family members use domestic spyware to monitor other family members, while parents and guardians often use this kind of software to monitor the activities of their children online. Some people use this kind of softwares to spy on their friends and girl friend. In America, many couples often install this kind of software on their partners mobile phone in other to monitor their call. This usually happens when one party thinks the other is cheating on them. A third party can also install domestic spyware without the knowledge of the computer owner on their machine or mobile device. Law enforcement officials have often used domestic spyware to monitor suspected criminal activity and criminals have used domestic spyware to siphon personal information from private computers in order to steal assets (TopTenReviews 2003). Domestic spyware is one of the most common spyware used on mobile devices. This is done to monitor the activity of the target victim i.e calls and SMS. 2.3.1.2 Commercial spyware. These types of software systems are often used by third parties to monitor and record the browsing behaviour of the user. The main purpose of it is to monitor the online habits of the user and sell the gathered information to anyone who might be interested. It is often online businesses that buy the information and use it to hit the user with targeted advertising, i.e. advertisements that relate to your usual Internet browsing habits. Advertisers often use commercial spyware simply because it is far simpler, economical and faster than collecting information through legal means such as contests, questionnaires, registration surveys and the likes. It is also because information gathered by spyware is far more reliable because users often dont cooperate when it comes to filling questionnaire sincerely, while some may accept to do it but they will not give true information when it comes to their private things. Since it represents the users true browsing behaviour, the advertisers go for it. You may take your pick while filling out an online registration form, but you just cannot cheat a spyware because it simply monitors and records all your activities. In the past marketers had to bribe their way to learn the users preferences through contests, registration surveys and the like. Those methods of gaining the users personal information still exist, but in those cases you have the power to read the fine print to learn the fate of your data and so could choose to consent or refuse There are many types of spyware that are classified under commercial spyware. They are: Browser hijackers, adware, Malware, dialers, Trojans and viruses, Worms, etc. 2.3.1.2.1 Adware Adware is the most common type of spyware available. They are cookies which hide on your computer waiting for you to go online. The cookies often get into your computer through popup that you open. Once the adware detects that youre connected to the Internet it starts sending you popup, pop-over, pop-under ads, and some sort of advertisement for anything from airline tickets to porn site membership. Not only that but even information on your viewing habits is tracked and stored. This data is then sold on to marketing companies who will be sending you more junk email and popup ads (Spam-site 2006). 2.3.1.2.2 Dealers Software that gets installed on your computer that has the ability to make phone calls from your computer, though a phone-connected modem, without your knowledge. These programs will connect to other computers, through your phone line, which are usually porn sites. These numbers are pay per minute call though, so you get charged for the amount of time your computer is connected to it. ile dialers do not spy on users they are malevolent in nature because they can cause huge financial harm to their victims. It is mostly used by porn sites. They can also be classified as hijackers (Abrams 2009). 2.3.1.2.3 Malware Malware is malicious software designed specifically to damage users machine. But Malware is typically not self-replicating or designed for PC-to-PC distribution (Pareto 2009). 2.3.1.2.4 Trojan Trojan is a program that contains hidden functionality, often posing as useful applications yet performing Spyware or Adware functions and facilitates unauthorized access to the users computer system. The term ‘Trojan horse was found from the mythical wooden horse that carried hidden Greek soldiers into Troy (Pareto 2009). 2.3.1.2.5 Worm Worms are self-replicating, fast-spreading Internet threats that are more like viruses than Spyware. They differ from viruses in that they can replace entire files on the host computer. Both viruses and worms attempt to spread to as many computers as possible, using e-mail, the Internet, and file-sharing networks as methods of distribution (Pareto 2009). 2.4 OPERATIONS OF SPYWARE The usual method for a spyware to operate is to run secretly in the background of the users computers (McCardle 2003). The reason behind this concealing of processes is commonly argued as that it would hardly be acceptable, e.g., if free file-sharing software kept stopping to ask the user if they are ready to fetch a new banner or a pop-up window (Townsend 2003). Therefore, the client/server routine of spyware is normally executed in the background. In practice, there would be nothing wrong with spyware running in the background provided that the users know that it is happening, what data is being transmitted, and that they have agreed to the process as part of the conditions for obtaining the freeware. However, most users are unaware that they have software on their computers that tracks and reports information on their Internet usage to a third party. Typically, a spyware program secretly gathers user information and spreads it without the users knowledge of it. Once installed, the spyware monitors, e.g., user activity on the Internet and transmits that information in the background to third parties, such as advertising companies. In reality, spyware run constantly, even when their carrier program, e.g., a file-sharing tool, has been terminated. A more or less legal grey area is utilized by the spyware actors, since in most program licenses they specify that information may be gathered for corporate purposes. However, the usual model is to collect more information than they have asked for (Townsend 2003). Besides this, most license agreements are been formulated in such a way that the reader finds it extensively hard for users to understand. 2.5 SPYWARE INFECTION METHOD Spyware infects its victims through many different ways. The most common of these ways include drive-by download, P2P wrecks havoc, free software download, social engineering and vulnerability route. 2.5.1 Drive-by downloads This is a program that is automatically downloaded to users computer, often without the users knowledge. The download may be initiated when the user visits a website or by another application. Drive by downloads can also be initiated by Mouse Over downloads, requiring a user to run the mouse over a malicious Pop-up ad or malicious pop-up window. Another scenario is when the user visits a website that pops up a window with a message like in order to properly view this website you must install this program. The FTP / HTTP Get request will initiate the download of the software onto the client machine. Installation will be performed by the user and during this installation they will be asked permission to install the malware as well as the software. Internet Explorer uses ActiveX controls for installing legitimate plug-ins like Flash, to enhance the browsers functionality and provide interactive programs for Internet Explorer. When misused, it provides a means for installing spyware such as dialers, browser hijackers, and other types of malware. ActiveX programs can automatically download to a users computer, often without users knowledge. It can be invoked from web pages through the use of a scripting language or directly with an HTML OBJECT tag. On execution by a web browser, it has full access to the Windows operating system and does not run in a â€Å"sandbox. Depending on browser security settings, the browser application may display a security warning to either stop or continue the installation. The warning may not offer a proper description of the program, and usually is misleading or could be masked by other deceptive dialog boxes. Sometimes â€Å"No† is not taken for an answer, and repeated attempts are made to get the user to approve and download the application. ActiveX controls can be signed or unsigned. Signed ActiveX controls are automatically installed while browsing the web, and are used by spyware applications. A signed ActiveX control only verifies that the code or control was from the signer and that it has not been altered; however, it may still be malicious (Shanmuga 2005). 2.5.2 P2P Wrecks Havoc Most of the spyware comes bundled with other popular programs that are that are free, also through most of the peer-to-peer networks like Kazaa, Bearshare, Limewire among others. They install malware in the machine as part of the P2P installation process. The P2P application may not function if these components are not installed. These â€Å"free† versions generate ad revenue for their publishers, causing pop-ups and sending information to affiliate networks for data aggregation or data mining. Applications such as Cydoor, New.net, TopText, SaveNow, Webhancer, VX2, CommonName, GetNet/ClearSearch, IncrediFind and OnFlow are among the few applications that are installed this way and may serve up ad banners and ad messages, or track your Internet surfing habits. Unfortunately, the makers of the host programs try not to advertise their programs hidden payloads. Reading the licensing agreement (carefully) during installation will often reveal embedded licenses for the piggybacking adware (Shanmuga 2005). 2.5.3 Software free web download Some of the softwares that they claim is free in the internet, when you download and install them, at the same time you will be installing a secondary program. This secondary program is a spyware. It will monitor your activity and report to a third party or a central database. If the user notices the spyware and deletes it, but didnt delete the software, whenever the system online, the software will download the spyware application and install it again. This kind of infection often occurs when the use fails to read the license agreement. In other cases, the license agreement is twisted in such a way that the user will not understand it (Shanmuga 2005). 2.5.4 Social engineering Sometimes when users browse the web, they may receive offers for corrective programs or special plug-ins that may be described as necessary for viewing the site. These voluntary but covert and unintentional installations are one source of spyware. Some of these offers are made to appear like a Windows alert from Microsoft or an anti-spyware application to tricks users into downloading and installing them (Shanmuga 2005). 2.5.5 Security holes in internet explorer Another method of infection is by exploring the security holes in internet explorer. Internet Explorer has had multiple security vulnerabilities, some of which are disclosed by Microsoft with downloadable updates and patches. Some spyware applications take advantage of these holes and install Trojan droppers, which redirect the browser to portal sites. CoolWebSearch (one of the most notorious pests in recent times) and many other spyware are known to take advantage of Internet Explorer security holes. KeenValue, and InternetOptimizer are examples that use Trojan downloader (Shanmuga 2005). 2.6 MOBILE DEVICE SPYWARE Since 2004, spyware has been observed to spread among mobile devices through Bluetooth, infrared, and other forms of connections like wireless network. According to F-Secure, the number of spyware known to target mobile devices are approximate 100 (Hypponen, 2006), as of then. However, others like (Dagon, Martin, and Starner, 2004) believed that spyware will inevitably grow into a serious problem in the future. There had already been some complex, blended spyware threats on mobile devices. Within a few years, mobile spyware have grown in sophistication in a way reminiscent of 20 years of PC spyware evolution. Unfortunately, mobile devices ware not designed for security and they have limited defenses against continually evolving attacks. Mobile devices are attractive targets for several reasons (Hypponen, 2006a). This is because mobile devices have progressed far in term of hardware and communication. Mobile phones have grown from simple organizer/ communication device to a mini computer with their own operating system (like palm, windows mobile, google phone and so on) that can download and install applications. Another reason for the mobile device attack is because they are well connected. They are capable of internet access for Web browsing, facebooking , emailing, charting and applications similar to those in the PCs. They can also communicate by cellular, IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN, short range communication like Bluetooth and infrared for shorter range communication, and multimedia messaging service (MMS). Another reason for mobile spyware attack is the size of the target population. Such large target population is attractive for the spyware and malware writers who want to maximize their impact. 2.6.1 Differences to computer spyware There are three important difference of mobile device security compared to personal computer security (Becher and Freiling 2008). A first difference is the inherent possibility for Spyware to generate costs for the user and revenue to the Spyware author. This problem existed previousl